Villains and Virgins History Podcast

Was Robin Hood just a story? Did outlaws really roam Sherwood forest, robbing the rich and hunting the king's deer? The answer is more exciting than you might imagine. There are many stories of Robin Hood, and a lot of history embedded in them. This episode takes you into the world of Robin Hood, in the time of Norman kings and forest law, Richard the Lionheart and King John. We will look at historical records and stories passed down through generations. Follow your intrepid host through the mists of history and legend and find out the truth about Robin Hood.

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General Belisarius was the most famous commander of his generation. In this episode he sacks Naples and reconquers Rome from the Ostrogoths. A daring sneak attack through an aqueduct, a heroic charge against the Gothic army, and a sex scandal that will ruin his reputation are all part of this amazing story. Was his wife Antonina cheating on him with their adopted son? Find out why Belisarius was one of the greatest generals of the Roman empire, and discover the truth behind the scandals and legends. This is the second episode in a 2 part series on Belisarius.

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General Belisarius is the most underrated commander of the Roman Empire. He was the man who reconquered the Roman province of North Africa from the Vandals -- and that was just the start of his career. In this episode we cover battlefield tales of single combat with swaggering Persians, and a daring midnight escape by a reconnaissance team. We also introduce the elements of the scandal that will ruin his reputation. Enter the world of the 6th century Eastern Roman Empire.

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Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora rule the Eastern Roman Empire in a tumultuous period. The plague pays a visit to Constantinople, bringing massive death tolls. They must also contend with treacherous officials, Christians who despise eachother, and a historian determined to damn them. Watch a palace sting operation unfold, and find out how lepers were hired to infect religious rivals. This is the third and final episode in a series on Theodora and Justinian.

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The Nika Riots are some of the bloodiest ever recorded. They unfolded in Constantinople in 532. This insurrection nearly toppled Emperor Justinian, but Empress Theodora makes a speech that changes the course of events. This episode takes you into the Eastern Roman Empire in a period of violence, natural disasters, and social upheaval. From slaves and prostitutes to patrician gossip and botched executions, this episode will take you through one of the most violent moments in the history of Constantinople.

This is episode 2 in a series on Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora.

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This is the story of a woman who began as a circus performer and child prostitute, and became Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. No less remarkable is her husband Justinian, who became emperor. This episode takes you into the heart of Constantinople in the 6th century, where slaves, chariot races, spies, and intrigue are part of an empire in transition. It is also one of the greatest love stories in history.

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The story of Troy has resounded across millennia: the beauty of Helen, the nobility of Hector, and the feats of Achilles have become legend. One man set out to prove that this story was not just legend, it was history. His name was Heinrich Schliemann, and he is an incredibly controversial and deeply eccentric character. He was the man who pursued the history of Troy, and also plundered it. Was he a visionary or a villain? You decide.

Rumi was a 13th century poet and mystic often quoted today. He was born into a world shattered by the Mongol invasions that sent his family fleeing the only home they had known. Along the road we meet Francis of Assisi, the army of the Fifth Crusade, a couple of sultans, and cave dwelling Christians. Rumi will develop his own approach to faith that scandalises religious conservatives and inspires people even centuries after his death. This episode takes you into the surprising world of Rumi and the mystic traditions.

The story of how Constantinople was assaulted and sacked by the army of the Fourth Crusade is horrifying. Constantinople was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, and it was full of Eastern Christians. So how did the army of the Fourth Crusade, who thought they were going to fight Muslims and reconquer Jerusalem, end up looting churches and assaulting nuns? A naive prince, a cunning Venetian Doge, and two emperors who fled into the night are part of the spiral that leaves French knights fighting the Varangian Guard. The shocking attack on the city was a turning point: it redefined the potential targets for crusader violence, which would soon be unleashed in France, and it shattered the power of the Eastern Roman Empire.

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If you enjoyed this, check out my series on the First, Second, and Third Crusades, available in both your podcast player and on YouTube...

1st Crusade: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnOZJsYzx1k&list=PLteESDDVIavR-8R7p6ZTFVo5NhCJBblB_

2nd Crusade: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_yn_iyHsHE&list=PLteESDDVIavT9n0q_5d8xrt9A6LhlsoEl

3rd Crusade: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-zaN0_xDjU&list=PLteESDDVIavSf0NWjBx3Hl9pJ5tyjJTy_

Thanks Eva Schubert VillainsAndVirgins.com

Of all the Crusades, this one may be the worst. It is the story of how an army of Crusaders end up fighting only other Christians, and it ends with the sacking of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and the heart of the eastern Christian world. It is a tale of mistakes, greed, and misjudgment. Along the way we meet a runaway prince with delusions of grandeur, and the powerful city state of Venice, with world class shipbuilders and intense ambitions.

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You can get historic coins with special code VillainsandVirgins at OwnAPieceOfHistoryUK: https://www.etsy.com/shop/OwnAPieceOfHistoryUK?ref=search_shop_redirect&utm_source=ig&utm_medium=social&utm_content=link_in_bio&fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQMMjU2MjgxMDQwNTU4AAGn2YJR7C_Md9tl0aHdx8d8JFxfxSP748ZPPE6ujHYcxOZ2h9Sy2m6YdakjHng_aem_Q6Uv5-6754FhNIPDkhDQpA

The Third Crusade is over and King Richard the Lionheart is making his way home, escorted by the Knights Templar. After a daring journey in disguise, he will end up becoming a prisoner, as enemies he has made settle scores. When he is ransomed and returns to his kingdom, he has a few scores of his own to settle. This story is a crazy ride through the politics of medieval Europe, where serving the wrong man can get you improsoned, hanged, or even worse. Even more remarkable than the men themselves is the astonishing afterlife enjoyed by Richard and Saladin as they become legends for generations to come, connecting with figures from Dante to Kaiser Wilhelm II.

The Third Crusade involves two of the most well known figures of any crusade: Richard I, the Lionheart, King of England, and Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, Sultan of Egypt and Syria. These two men each command an army, and the fate of the Near East hangs in the balance. After the Siege of Acre, the army of the Third Crusade takes the road to Jerusalem. Along the way they will face Saladin, and have an encounter with the Assassins. Their quest to take the city involves epic battles, murder, surprising camaraderie, and scandalous marriage proposals. This is the story which founded legends.

The siege of Acre, from 1189-1191 was one of the most brutal battles of the Third Crusade. The armies of the King of Jerusalem surrounded the city of Acre, but were themselves under attack from the armies of Saladin. Into this mess, the armies of the Third Crusade, led by King Richard the Lionheart of England and Philip Augustus of France, joined the fight. The brutal siege lasted for two years, inflicting damage, disease, and death on both sides. The catapults are in full swing, hurling Greek fire at the crusaders, while sappers tunnel under ground. The Crusader states are divided over who should be king, and the fight ends with one of the most infamous massacres of the Third Crusade.

Richard the Lionheart is one of the most famous English kings and he made his reputation on the Third Crusade. In this episode we take a closer look at the man behind the legend. His mother was the famous Eleanor of Aquitaine, and his father was the easily angered Henry II. Richard's early career as a feudal enforcer made him an expert in siege warfare. The fall of Jerusalem triggers the call for the Third Crusade, but scandal, infighting, and a massive fight with France keep Richard tied up for two years before he can fulfill his Crusader oath. Richard will finally be crowned King of England and take the road to Jerusalem, joining the King of France, and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

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Saladin and Richard the Lionheart are two of the most legendary figures in the history of the Crusades. Saladin was both feared and admired by his friends and his enemies. This episode explores the rise of this remarkable character. We also meet the noble knight Balian of Ibelin, Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem, and the bellicose brigand Reynauld of Chatillon. There are Templar knights, a siege during a wedding, and the heroic defense of Jerusalem. The events in this story will launch the Third Crusade.

The Knights Templar are one of the most famous medieval orders. They combined legendary discipline and bravery in battle with the ascetic habits of monks. Then they were publicly disgraced in a show trial and soon after the Pope dissolved the Order. But some Templars survived, and even thrived in other parts of Europe, particularly in Portugal. This episode is a sweeping ride through the Reconquista, the founding of Portugal, and the new identity that saved these knights. It also covers a famous Templar named Gualdim Pais who fought in the Siege of Ascalon, and brought his experience back to Portugal to fight a legendary battle years later.

The story of Portugal during the 100 Years War is a story of lust, treachery and murder. It is also a story of survival and resistance. This episode covers Portugal's most notorious queen: a beautiful woman who imprisoned and killed her political enemies. The history of the royal court includes tragic love story of Ines de Castro and the military genius of Nun Alvarez. We also cover Portugal's role in the conflict between England and France, and the involvement of the neighboring kingdom of Castile, culminating in the epic Battle of Aljubarotta which secures Portugal's survival as an independent nation. This episode is a wild ride!

The volcanic eruption that buried Pompeii was a catastrophe of epic proportions. But the mass burial site it created also preserved details of daily life in a first century Roman city that we might otherwise never know. From flying phalluses and gladiators to condiments made from decaying fish, dive into the life and death of Pompeii.

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Santa Claus is a very strange figure when you think about it. Where does he come from and why does he fly through the sky handing out presents at night? This episode traces the connection with an old Norse god and an Anatolian bishop from the 3rd century, and explores the gritty reality of life in the Roman empire for ordinary people. You will never look at old Saint Nick the same way again.

What did life look like for the average soldier in the Roman army? In this episode we get into the details of packs, march speed, camp construction, and food on the march. Many of the procedures for new recruits in the Roman military machine sound shockingly familiar. The penalties for breaking the rules were extremely severe. Come along on the march with Legionary Valerius and experience a taste of life in the Roman legions.

Special thanks to Roger Meara and Chris Cameron @thelegionary72 for supplying images and footage for this episode.

The sword is more than just a weapon. It has been used to dub knights and legitimise kings, determine guilt and settle matters of honour. From the ancient Romans and the Song of Roland to dueling culture and German Mensur matches, this cultural history traces the legends and traditions that have given the sword its enduring mystique.

The horrific murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in his own cathedral shocked Europe and immediately created one of the most famous martyrs in English history. The story begins with Thomas Becket in exile in France, fleeing the anger of Henry II of England. Despite being the king's pick for Archbishop of Canterbury, he has refused to cooperate with the king's plans for the church. An international game of diplomacy ensues, with the King of France and the Pope heavily involved in an effort to reconcile the two men. King Henry takes extraordinary measures to avoid church punishments, including demanding a loyalty oath from every man in his kingdom. Eventually he promises to reinstate Thomas Becket and make peace... only months before the murder of the century.

King Henry II was a man with a terrible temper. He was determined to have absolute control of his subjects, but one unlikely man stood up to him. In this episode women are seized from convents and forcibly married, messengers suffer grisly punishments, and a good number of body parts are forcibly removed when the king flies into a rage. This is the story of archbishop Thomas Becket who stood up to the vengeful Plantaganet king.

This is the story of how one woman changed the balance of power in Western Europe, by divorcing one man and marrying another. Eleanor of Aquitaine is the Queen of France, but has been alienated from her husband. Her campaign for an end to that marriage led to a shocking remarriage with a much younger man, and the beginning of the Plantaganet dynasty in England. Along the way we discover why our favorite tales of knightly romance, from Lancelot and Guinevere to Tristan and Isolde, are connected to Eleanor and her enormous influence.

The dwindling army of the Second Crusade arrives in Antioch, where a quarrel over military strategy is influenced by rumours of a sex scandal involving the Queen of France. The Crusaders make some very bad decisions, leading to a failed attack and a humiliating retreat. Find out why the Second Crusade was such a dismal failure.

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The Second Crusade leaves Europe under the command of two kings, fielding the largest number of men in a generation. Eleanor of Aquitaine rides with her husband, King Louis VII of France, while Conrad Hohenstaufen leads forces from the Holy Roman Empire. What follows is not glorious victory, but embarrassment and disaster on an epic scale. The fingers of blame point in all directions, as the Crusaders learn that the road to Jerusalem is littered with bad decisions -- and bones.

The Second Crusade would be a disaster, but why did it happen and how did it get started? The call to arms was preached by a closet dwelling ascetic who happened to be the leading churchman of his generation-- none other than Bernard of Clairveaux. In this episode we meet Eleanor of Aquitaine, the queen who ruled both France and then England, and went on crusade. A horrifying mass death, a guilty royal conscience, and one of the most notorious womanisers of the Middle Ages are all part of the story in this episode.

The Templars began as warrior monks, but have been linked to everything from demon worship to forbidden sexual practices. What happened? This episode follows the history of the spectacular fall of a knightly order. A power struggle between a king and a pope, infiltration, torture, and the Inquisition -- it is a turbulent tale.

Because of the many rumours about the Templars, I will point out that this episode relies entirely on historical sources, primarily the work of Professor Malcolm Barber.

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The Knights Templar are surrounded by legends and conspiracy theories. Who were they actually? This episode tracks the Templars from their inception as an order of warrior monks in the Crusader state of Jerusalem, to their astonishing expansion into an international organisation of enormous wealth and power. Along the way we encounter Crusader kings, Bernard of Clairveaux, the white slave trade, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Assassins.

Footnote: In this episode I mention Krak de Chevalier among the Templar castles because it is perhaps the most stunning example of Crusader fortresses. However, unlike the other castles I have mentioned by name, Krak de Chevalier was used by the Hospitaller Knights, a brother order to the Templars.

The Crusaders have taken Jerusalem but they face one final battle. When the men start to head home, the legend of the First Crusade is born, and a massive new wave of Crusaders heads east. Not everyone wants to go home however; Godfrey of Bouillon becomes ruler of Jerusalem. His brother Baldwin manages to take control of Edessa, and one Crusader aspires to be not just a prince, but to take the imperial throne for himself. Along the way there are devious marriages, murder plots, and total disasters as the Crusaders defend their kingdoms in the east.

The Crusaders narrowly escape annihilation when they attempt to fight their way out of Antioch. Some men credit the miracle of the Holy Lance for their amazing escape. Divisions emerge amongst the nobles, while the army starves. Some Crusaders turn to cannibalism, and a fiery trial by ordeal ends the career of a peasant preacher. The Crusadering army finally arrives at the walls of Jerusalem in 1099, and the stories of what they do when they get inside are hair raising. Faith, violence, hate, and ambition are all rolled together in this dramatic episode.

As Western knights and nobles ride toward Jerusalem, there are many other cities they must take along the way. Their first battlefield encounter with the Turks leaves a lasting impression on both sides, but they are soon occupied with besieging fortified cities. Heads are brandished on spears and bodies hang on display from the ramparts. The siege of Antioch comes close to ending the entire crusade on more that one occasion, with starvation, desertion, and enemy armies of much larger size. Heroic feats, cannibalism, and nearly miraculous escapes are all part of this gripping story.

The First Crusade became the stuff of legend soon after it finished. Western knights headed to Constantinople and ultimately to Jerusalem, to rescue pilgrimage sites from the control of Muslim invaders. The crusade involved close to 100,000 people from Western Europe heading east, in a journey that would cover thousands of miles, mostly on foot. It's often told as a struggle of East vs. West, and Christianity against Islam. The history is more complicated. What set so many knights off on this journey to the east? Why did so many ordinary people make the crusade? Find out in this episode.

Related episodes include:

The Great Schism

The Normans in Italy

The image of the knight in shining armour has had a very long shadow in Western culture, from King Arthur to Monty Python. The reality of life for medieval knights, obsessed with honour and reputation is the subject of this episode. We meet a real Spanish knight, Suero de Quinones, who wore an iron collar and broke hundreds of lances for the love of a lady. What was courtly love and how did it work? How were jousting matches organised? Enter the world of a medieval knight!

The Camino de Santiago pilgrimage is exploding in popularity these days, but the modern travellers are part of a tradition that is over 1000 years old. How did the Camino begin? Why did medieval people go on pilgrimages anyway? From drinking wine used to wash skulls, to pilgrims in chains, this episode explores the world of medieval Christianity, and the surprising traditions around pilgrimage, including why the Camino is booming today. Support this podcast on Patreon at: patreon.com/evaschubert

The grandsons of Charlemagne slide into civil war, with thousands of Franks killing each other over the division of the empire. Though the Treaty of Verdun ends the bloodletting, Frankish troubles are far from over. Vikings sail up the Seine and sack Paris, finally leaving after being bought off by King Charles of West Francia. However Louis the German, King of East Francia, makes Viking raiders return what they stole from his territory, and collects tribute money from them. He may have been particularly disgruntled since his wife took a vow of chastity. This is the story of a king dubbed "Louis of the Iron Hands" for his extraordinary strength, and the distinctive culture he created in the lands that would become Germany.

Both the Germans and the French trace their origins to Charlemagne and the Franks. But who were the Franks, and how did they have such a powerful effect on the shape of Western Europe? This episode is a family drama gone wild, as the warriors of Charlemagne's family compete for land and status. Blindings, treachery and imprisonment follow. Our story will focus on one warrior in particular, known as Louis the German.

Roger II has played a high stakes game to secure his crown. Now a king, he must face the consequences of backing the wrong Pope. Rebellious barons, treacherous in-laws, and the loss of his beloved wife burden him as Roger continues to fight for his kingdom. Two emperors conspire to jointly attack him, and the Sicilian navy stages an audacious raid at the gates of Constantinople. Roger II defines himself as a ruler unlike any other in Western Europe. His borrowing of statecraft, scholars, and silk makers from the East has his enemies whispering that he has gone full sultan.

Roger II inherits his father's position as ruler of Sicily and begins to take over parts of Southern Italy as well. Along the way a daring plan leads Norman knights out of a desperate situation, and a Crusader king proposes marriage. Norman state-building in Sicily takes on a unique character, and Norman knights fight armies led by the Pope. When two popes are elected on the same day, Roger II must choose which Pope he will support in exchange for a crown.

The Vikings terrorised coastal Europe in their longboats, plundering and killing as they went. Some of them were offered a deal: they could accept land and settle in France, in exchange for defending the area from other raiders. These Vikings became known as Normans, and while the name changed, the game remained the same. They begin arriving in Italy, and soon become the most coveted military muscle for hire. The Pope himself becomes their hostage and the daughter of a Norman almost becomes the Byzantine Empress. This is a tale of the high Middle Ages, full of pilgrims and pillagers, popes, kings, battles and emperors.

This is the first episode in a series on the Normans in Sicily.

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The Peasants' War was the largest peasant uprising prior to the French Revolution. Hundreds of thousands of ordinary people organise a labour strike and dare to demand a measure of fairness. They use the ideas of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation to do it. Luther wants nothing to do with the rebels, and supports the German nobles in killing these "mad dogs". The heavy cavalry and the landsknecht armies of the Swabian League are on the march, and this rebellion is about to turn into a war.

This is the story of the biggest peasant uprising prior to the French Revolution. Inspired by the writing of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, it was a shocking challenge to the social order. Serfs occupied castles, executed nobles, and plundered monasteries. Events that lasted less than a year would result in thousands of peasant deaths, and change the direction of the Reformation itself. This episode is the first in a two part series.

You can support this podcast on Patreon at: patreon.com/evaschubert

The video version of this episode is available on YouTube: https://youtu.be/4UK4CtYihQc

In this episode we watch England execute a king. This is the strange tale of how England became a Protestant country, and why the Church of England is the way it is. Along the way we watch militant Scottish Reformers challenge the power of the monarch, and uncover the roots of the Covenanters and Presbyterian churches. The episode culminates in the English Civil War, as competing versions of church and state vie for the future of the nation. Monarchy in Europe will never be the same again!

John Calvin is one of the major figures of the Protestant Reformation, famous for his doctrine of pre-destination. This episode covers his time in Geneva, and how he turned that city into a grim and terrifying experiment in theocracy. It is also the story of Protestants burning a heretic at the stake, in a bizarre moment of borrowing the very punishments that had been used to suppress them. This episode captures a dramatic moment as reformers struggle to redefine the roles of church and state.

In this episode we cover the unlikely journey of one young man from earnest Augustinian monk to rebel reformer. Martin Luther ignited a firestorm of existing anti-clerical sentiment across Europe, with results that would change Europe and the Western Christian Church forever.

What is the Protestant Reformation and why does it matter? To begin to understand how thoroughly it has shaped Western Europe and North America we must travel back in time to see the world as it was before the Reformation. This episode is all about the Middle Ages, when an emperor braved the Alps in winter to appeal to a Pope, and thousands of people in Southern France were slaughtered by Crusaders. It is a world of towering cathedrals, in which the power of the Church rivaled that of the Crown. In this medieval world a poor boy from Yorkshire earned a doctoral degree at Oxford University, and began developing ideas that would shake this world to its foundations. His name was John Wycliffe.

1492 was a year that changed everything. In Castile, it was the end of the Reconquista, as Isabella and Ferdinand ended a decade long war with a triumphant ride through the streets of Granada. It was also the year they signed the Alhambra Decree, which banished all Jews from Castile, and it was the beginning of the end of Moorish presence as well. The connection between these two events and the Spanish Inquisition was a drive for religious purity that would forever change the history of Spain. This is also the year that Christopher Columbus obtained royal support for his expedition, opening the door to Spain's colonial empire in the New World.

You have probably heard of the Spanish Inquisition, even if only from a certain Monty Python sketch. The truth about why it was started and for what purpose will probably surprise you. In this episode we take a close look at the episodes in Spanish history that prepared the way for the Inquisition. We also examine how it operated, what forms of torture were used, and who it targeted. Why did the Pope try to stop it? What was an auto da fe? What did it have in common with totalitarian surveillance states? The villains and victims in this history are almost certainly not who you would expect.

In this episode, our plucky and determined heroine discovers the mantle of religious warfare. Isabella and Ferdinand respond to an attack on a Castilian city from Moorish forces. This becomes the first skirmish in a "Holy War" against Muslims in Spain. It is a war that will last a decade, and inflict a terrible fate on the city of Malaga. Harem politics of betrayal and revenge undermine Moorish resistance to Castilian forces. Along the way, Ferdinand and Isabella champion Renaissance learning and education for their daughters, but the war against the Moors will occupy most of their attention. They see themselves as champions of Christianity, not just in Spain but in Europe. Their use of religious languages and symbols emerges against a larger global context where Christian countries fear the rising power of the Ottoman Empire. Victory against Muslims on the battlefield in Spain takes on a larger significance, and encourages a terrifying drive for religious purity that will have catastrophic consequences.

After a high risk secret marriage to Prince Ferdinand of Aragon, Isabella finds there is no easy path to gaining the crown of Castile. An evil uncle, a civil war, and a heroic Portuguese flag bearer appear in this episode as Isabella fights to be Queen. An astonishing solution to a domestic quarrel paves the way for female rulers in Spain, and Isabella reveals her courage and determination as she takes on rebellious nobles and a kingdom in desperate need of management. Along the way the incredible social mixture that makes up the cultural fabric of Spain comes into focus.

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain are figures you may have heard of in passing, as the sponsors of Christopher Columbus. The fact that Isabella's name is remembered in the same breath with Ferdinand's is remarkable in an age when only men could hold political power. From the Black Death to royal scandal, this episode introduces the fascinating story of these two people and how their marriage would change Spain forever.

The remarkable story of the mass evacuation of Britain's children in the darkest days of WWII. Britain, under Winston Churchill, faces aerial assault and imminent collapse. This is a moment when it is clear that history could have taken a radically different direction.

After the execution of Anne Boleyn, what is next for Henry VIII and for England? A terrible jousting accident changes the king, and may be a hidden factor in his increasing ruthlessness. The future of England and its religion hangs in the balance as Henry decides to assert his authority over English monasteries. This episode covers the Pilgrimage of Grace, the sordid fall of Catherine Howard, and the many other marital misadventures of England's most notorious king.

This episode covers the sordid and sickeningly fast story of Anne Boleyn's fall from grace. It has rumor, scandal, and a completely hilarious introduction to the codpiece. This is also the moment that Henry VIII begins to resemble the ruthless monster that he has become in popular imagination. With Anne's position hanging precariously, what will be the fate of Protestantism in England?

The woman who is blamed for turning Henry VIII from a most Catholic king into the one who separated Tudor England from the Catholic Church was a dark eyed stunner named Anne Boleyn. This is the story of how a king overturned the institutions of his country to get a divorce. It is also the story of a more complex king than the Henry VIII you think you know.

You may think you know all about Henry VIII, but the version of his life that gets passed around focuses on an obese maniac who married and divorced or beheaded quite a number of women. There is much more to the story than that. In this series we look at Henry the Renaissance man and his bold Spanish queen, against the dazzling backdrop of Europe in the grip of seismic changes. Henry himself will be the surprising instrument of remaking England. Find out how.

This episode uncovers the forgotten history of some of the most badass women you've never heard of. The Kingdom of Dahomey in West Africa had all female army units who consistently fought better and more courageously than the men. Their deeds of bravery are recorded by their admiring enemies. These real women are the inspiration for the Dora Milaje of Wakanda in the Marvel movies. Meet the Black Amazons of Benin!

We know the Greek legends of the Amazons, but because the warrior women were real the Greeks were not the only ones telling stories about them. In this episode we uncover legends of women fighters from the Caucasus, and the epic Persian love story of Shirin and Khusraw. Adventure, love, and revenge...these are amazing stories you have probably never heard.

The legends of the Amazons are based on real women who could ride, hunt, shoot bows, and fight. In this episode we uncover the fascinating archaeological evidence on the horse tribes of the steppe and the women warriors who lived among them. From tattoos to cannabis, there are so many surprising details.

Stories of badass warrior women continue to fascinate us today, as they did the ancient Greeks. In Greek stories the Amazons were a tribe of all female warriors who were formidable in combat and fascinating for their bravery, athleticism, and beauty. But the Amazons are not a myth. They were real people in history, and their stories can change the way we look at ourselves. This episode introduces the stories about Amazons, and will be followed by further episodes on their history.

After suffering horrifying violence and theft at the hands of the Romans, Boudica decides enough is enough. This is the story of a woman who led a rebellion against Roman occupation, preferring to risk death in battle rather than a life of slavery. Her battle cry continues to echo through history. Find out why.

What happened when the Romans invaded Britain? What did life under occupation look like for the native tribes? In this episode we cover the Roman policies and projects that changed the face of Britain. A Celtic queen starts an affair and honors an alliance that will end her rule. The Romans decide to teach another uppity Celtic woman a lesson, and inadvertently light a match that explodes into war. Welcome to the world of Boudica, the warrior queen.

What was Britain like before the Romans made contact? The world of the Celts, with its wild blue Northerners, Druids, and sacrifices is painted here, setting the stage for one of the most astonishing female figures in British history. Her name is Boudica, and she is the warrior queen. This is the first of several episodes about her world and her story.

Many fierce warrior tribes have emerged from the Eurasian Steppe, from the Huns to the Mongols and many others. What made these people such effective fighters? Learn about Mongolian wrestling, archery, and the most dangerous game on Earth. In this episode we look at the warlike sports that began on the Steppe and continue to this day.

In this final episode of our series, Attila takes a massive army and storms through western Europe to the gates of Orleans, in France. The epic Battle of the Catalaunian Plains unfolds over two days, as old allies become enemies. A shocking twist leads to an ending no one expected.

In this episode we learn about Hunnish women and marriage practices. A sex scandal breaks out in the Western Imperial Court, leading to pregnancy and execution. A Roman princess makes a shocking proposal to Attila that threatens to destabilize the Roman Empire.

In this episode we see an imperial princess kidnapped, and an attempt to steal the Western Imperial throne goes wrong. The Huns become famous for extortion and impalement. An assassination plot backfires horribly.

Attila the Hun still looms in our memory, though less and less is remembered about the man himself and the fierce people he led. This episode introduces the Huns of history, paints the world they inhabited, and sets the stage for the emergence of Attila. From unique battle tactics to cranial deformation, this is an amazing group of people.

After a century of scandal, a new Pope takes over in Rome. Leo IX has sweeping plans for reform, and then gets taken prisoner by Norman warriors. Meanwhile church controversies brew over everything from beards to communion bread until an explosive collision of personalities leads to drama in the Hagia Sophia itself. The moment that changed the Christian world forever is explained here.

A teenaged boy inherits the Papacy and the keys to Rome, and begins a career of wild partying. John XII plays power games with dangerous military leaders, and attempts to backstab the most powerful warrior in Europe. The House of Theophylact continues to create scandal, selling the Papacy itself to an Italian godfather. It's Game of Thrones in the Vatican.

Historians have called this period the "pornocracy". Find out why in this episode, when the powerful and ambitious women of the House of Theophylact take over Rome and control the Papacy. Sex, murder, blindings and treachery, it's a wild ride through the Dark Ages.

In 1054 an event occurred that split the Christian world. It has never recovered. In this mini series, we dive into the world before the Great Schism, to understand the forces that created the institutions of the Church and then tore them apart. How did we get Popes anyway? Emperors, bishops, and warriors... this is the world at the end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Middle Ages.

"Devil's marks would often be found 'in their secretest parts, and therefore require diligent and careful search'". The witch trials in Salem involved strip searching and inspecting the bodies of accused women for any detail that could be used as evidence of a pact with the Devil. The process of the court was designed to eliminate any defense. In this episode we cover how the infamous Salem Witch Trials were conducted.

"What is the name of your demon lover?" "How many years have you been a witch?" These were the types of questions hurled at people accused of witchcraft in a small town in New England. A group of young girls suffer mysterious ailments and soon the whole community is in an uproar.

"Innocent have I come into prison... innocent have I been tortured... innocent must I die. For whoever comes into the witch prison must ...be tortured until he invents something out of his head." These lines come from a letter written by a father to his daughter in 1628, as the witch craze raged across Europe. In this episode we cover this horrifying period of history and explore what caused so many executions.

"Witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which is in women insatiable." - from the Malleus Maleficarum, the 1486 witch manual.

Bodies swing from the gallows in the small town of Salem in New England. People have been executed on charges of witchcraft in America. How did we get to this? The story starts in Old Europe...

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