Episode 230: Fever of Unknow Origin Sebastian Gomez (MS4) explains the most common causes of Fever of Unknown origin and how to approach patients affected by it, including the use of modern technology such as FDG-PET scans. Dr Arreaza emphasizes the importance of holding empiric treatments except in special cases. Written by Sebastian Gomez, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD. You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.

Episode 229: Is it Prostate Cancer? (Pidgin English). Dr. Ozoemena and his colleagues Dr. Okojie and Dr. Nweke engage in a conversation about the difference between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Written by Dr. Michael Ozoemena. Comments by Dr. Ejodakeme Okojie and Dr. Kenechutwu Nweke.

Episode 228: Our Personal Generator, Heart Failure (Pidgin English) Dr. Nweke explains the symptoms and treatment of heart failure. Dr. Ozoemena asks pertinent questions to lead the discussion and Dr. Okojie makes comments about this disease. Written by Dr. Kenechukwu Nweke. Hosted by Dr. Michael Ozoemena. Comments by Dr. Ejodekeme Okojie. You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.

Episode 227: Understanding DVT (Pidgin English) (Pidgin English) - Dr. Okojie explains the risks, diagnosis, and treatment of Deep Venous Thrombosis. Dr. Ozoemena asks insightful questions about DVT and Dr. Dadzie makes comments relevant to this topic. Written by Dr. Ejodekeme Okojie. Hosted by Dr. Michael Ozoemena. Comments by Dr. Ebenezer Dadzie.

Episode 226: Optimizing Sleep Dr Carlisle and Dr Kim explain the physiology of sleep and how to improve sleep by exposing yourself to sunlight, decreasing caffeine intake and including supplements. Dr. Arreaza guides the discussion by asking practical questions. Written by Edwin Kim, MD. Edits and comments by Cameron Carlisle, MD, and Hector Arreaza, MD. Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program. You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.

Peyton Uhlir-Harbaugh (medical student) explains how one of the biggest predictors of health is the location in which they live. She explains how continuity and access to care can make a difference in your health. Dr. Arreaza ends the interview with a thought-provoking topic: International Medical Graduates. Written by Peyton Uhlir-Harbaugh, MSIV, Western Atlantic University School of Medicine. Comments and edits by Hector Arreaza, MD. You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.

Moira Williams (medical student) describes community health workers and explains how doctors, patients, and communities can benefit from their services. Dr. Arreaza adds input about local programs using community health workers. Written by Moira Williams OMS III, Western University of Health Sciences. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 223: Oncogenic Viruses Jeremy Pan and Mehr Boparai, medical students, mention the most prevalent cancer-causing viruses, their clinical presentations, and their pathological mechanisms with current treatments options. Prevention through vaccination or screening is also explained. Written by Jeremy Pan, OMS-III, and Mehr Boparai, OMS-III, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific. Edits by Hector Arreaza, MD. You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.

Episode 222: Antibiotic Resistance Mehr Boparai and Jeremy Pan, medical students, mention five common antibiotic-resistant bacteria and what the current treatments are. Dr. Arreaza asks questions to guide the presentation and adds an example of antibiotic resistance in a patient. Written by Mehr Boparai, OMS-III, and Jeremy Pan, OMS-III, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 221: Insomnia Pharmacotherapy in Adults Moira Williams presents the most common OTC medications used for insomnia and warns about the side effects while highlighting the benefits of CBT-I. Dr. Arreaza mentions the best prescribed medications for insomnia in adults and asks insightful questions to guide the discussion. Written by Moira Williams, OMS III, Western University of Health Sciences. Editing and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD. You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.

Episode 220: Approach of Insomnia in Adults Moira Williams (OMS III) explains how to collect a history of insomnia and the first-line treatments, especially Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I). She briefly explains all components of CBT-I and BBT-I. Dr. Arreaza adds insight about OSA and sleep hygiene. Written by Moira Williams, OMS III, Western University of Health Sciences. Editing and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD. You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.

Episode 219: Chronic Pain and Functionality in Cancer Survivors. Shivam Patel (OMS III) explains how to approach chronic pain in a cancer survivor. He explains the importance of looking into multiple causes out of the traditional musculoskeletal systems to prescribe a more effective treatment which includes rehabilitation in many cases. Dr. Arreaza emphasizes that opioids are not the first-line treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain. Written by Shivam Patel, OMS III, Western University of Health Sciences. Comments by Hector Arreazaa, MD. You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.

Episode 218: Statin Therapy Fundamentals Zohal Rahimi breaks down the role of statins in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, including their historical development and how to identify patients who are most likely to benefit. Dr. Arreaza adds perspective on why prevention remains a cornerstone of effective clinical care. Written by Zohal Rahimi, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD. You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.

Episode 217: Testicular Cancer Brandon Noorvash (MS-III) and Ebenezer Dadzie, MD (PGY-1) review the recognition, evaluation, and management of testicular cancer in primary care, including epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment principles. Dr. Arreaza asks insightful questions to guide the discussion and highlight key teaching points for clinicians. Written by Brandon Noorvash, MS-III, Western University of Health Sciences; and Ebenezer Dadzie, MD, PGY-1, Clinica Sierra Vista Family Medicine Residency Program. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 216: Fibromyalgia Overview Reitta Wyllie and Tejasvi Ayaggari (medical students) discuss with Dr. Arreaza the presentation, diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia, a commonly unrecognized disease that may impact patient’s quality of life if left untreated. Written by Reitta Nash, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Additional commentary provided by Dr. Tejasvi Ayyagari. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 215: Meth-associated HFrEF Abishak and Zat (medical students) explain the cardiotoxic effect of methamphetamine and the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Dr. Arreaza adds insight into the reversibility of meth-associated HFrEF. Written by Abishak Govindarajan, MSIV and Zat Akbar Shaw. American University of the Caribbean. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 214: Valley Fever Complications Jordan Redden (medical student) engages in a conversation about coccidioidomycosis with Dr. Schlaerth and Dr. Arreaza. Common complications of Valley Fever are described, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary. Dr. Kooner adds insights into cavitary lesions of lungs.

Episode 213: HIV PrEP Review H. Nicole Magaña, medical student, reviews the history of PrEP and outlines the currently FDA-approved medications used for HIV prevention. Dr. Arreaza provides additional perspective on long-acting injectable options, including how quickly they begin to protect patients after initiation. Written by Nicole Magana, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Comments and edits by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 212: Managing HFpEF Hyo Mun and Jordan Redden (medical students) explain how to manage HFpEF with medications and touch some basics about nonpharmacologic treatments. Dr. Arreaza asks insightful questions to guide the discussion. Written by Hyo Mun, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean; and Jordan Redden, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 211: Understanding HFpEF Hyo Mun and Jordan Redden (medical students) explain the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and how it differentiates from HFrEF. Dr. Arreaza asks insightful questions and summarizes some key elements of HFpEF. Written by Hyo Mun, MS4, American University of the Caribbean; and Jordan Redden, MS4, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments and edits by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 210: Heat Stroke Basics Written by Jacob Dunn, MS4, American University of the Caribbean. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 209: Do not Do Stephanie Granat (medical student) explains three screenings that are USPSTF Grade D (Do not do): Prostate cancer, genital herpes, and pancreatic cancer. Dr. Arreaza shares some insight about testing patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and genital lesions. Written by Stephanie Granat, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 208: Cough Basics (Pidgin English) Written by Ebenezer Dadzie

Episode 207: Understanding Hypertension and Diabetes (Pidgin English) Written by Michael Ozoemena, MD.

Episode 206: Street Medicine and Harm Reduction Mohammed Wase (medical student) and Dr. Singh describe what it is like to provide health care on the streets. They share their personal experiences working in a street medicine team. They describe the practice of harm reduction and emphasize the importance of respecting autonomy and being adaptable in street medicine. Written by Mohamed Wase, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD. Hosted by Harnek Singh, MD.

Episode 205: Atopic Dermatitis Kara Willbanks (medical student) explains the definition, pathophysiology, and treatment of eczema. Dr. Arreaza adds some input about bleach baths and topical steroids. Written by Kara Willbanks, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Comments and edits by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 204: Adult Pneumococcal Vaccines in 2025 Luz Perez (MSIV) presents all the available pneumococcal vaccines for adults. Dr. Arreaza guides the discussion about what to do with adults who have previously received pneumococcal vaccines. Written by Luz Perez, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 203: Microinduction and harm reduction in OUD Nathan Bui and Sanjay Reddy describe how to manage opioid use disorder (OUD) by using microinduction and harm reduction, strategies that are reshaping the way we treat opioid use disorder. Written by Sanjay Reddy, OMSIV and Nathan Bui, OMSIV. Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific.

Episode 202: BPA Overview Written by Cameron Carlisle, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 201: AKI Roadmap. Future Dr. Ayyagari describes the different types of acute kidney injury and shares some elements of management for each category. Dr. Arreaza shares some input about statistics and the importance of drinking water during the summer.

Episode 200: All About Ascites. Jesica Mendoza explains the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of ascites. Dr. Arreaza adds input about early detection and prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Written by Jesica Mendoza, OMS IV, Western University, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 199: Essential Screenings for Young Adults Dr. Lopez presents the most important screening tests for young adults. Dr. Arreaza adds some input on screening for depression and anxiety. Written by Alejandra Lopez, MD. Edits by Hector Arreaza, MD. Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program.

Episode 198: Fatigue Future doctors Redden and Ibrahim discuss with Dr. Arreaza the different causes of fatigue, including physical and mental illnesses. Dr. Arreaza describes the steps to evaluate fatigue. Some common misconceptions are explained, such as vitamin D deficiency and “chronic Lyme disease”. Written by Michael Ibrahim, MSIV, and Jordan Redden, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD

Episode 197: Continuous Glucose Monitoring Written by William Zeng, MSIII, and Chris Kim, MSIII. University of Southern California.

Episode 196: Bipolar Disorder Learn about the diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder, presented by medical students Jennifer, Targol, and Tyler. Written by Jennifer Burnham, OMS III; Targol Mehrazar, OMS III; and Tyler Richins, OMS III. Western University of Health Sciences. Comments and editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 194: Case of back pain

Episode 193: Gestational Diabetes Intro Jesica Mendoza (OMSIII) describes the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes and the right timing and method of screening for it. Dr. Arreaza adds insight into the need for culturally-appropriate foods, such as vegetables in Mexican cuisine. Written by Jesica Mendoza, OMSIII, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific. Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Jordan Redden (MSIV) explains the treatment of ADHD. Dr. Bustamante adds input about pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments. Dr. Arreaza shares the how stimulants were discovered as the treatment for ADHD.

Episode 191: Diagnosis of ADHD Future Dr. Granat explains how to diagnose Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. She explained the influence of social media in increasing awareness of ADHD. Dr. Arreaza added input about the validated tools for ADHD diagnosis and highlighted the importance of expert evaluation for the diagnosis of this disorder. Written by Yen Stephanie Granat, MSIV. Ross University School of Medicine. Comments and editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 190: Measles Basics Future Dr. Kapur explained the basics of measles, including the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of this disease. Dr. Schlaerth added information about SPPE and told interesting stories of measles. Dr. Arreaza explained some statistics and histed the episode. Written by Ashna Kapur MS4 Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Katherine Schlaerth, MD, and Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 189: Intermittent Fasting (Religious and Sports) Future Doctors Carlisle and Kim give recommendations about patients who are fasting for religious reasons, such as Ramadan. They also explain the benefits and risks of fasting for athletes and also debunked some myths about fasting. Dr. Arreaza add input about the side effects of fasting and ways to address them. Written by Cameron Carlisle, MSIV (RUSM) and Kyung Kim, MSIV (AUC). Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 188: RSV Management and Prevention Dr. Sandhu and future Dr. Mohamed summarize the management of RSV and describe how to prevent it with chemoprophylaxis and vaccines. Dr Arreaza adds some comments about RSV vaccines. Written by Abdolhakim Mohamed, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Ranbir Sandhu, MD, and Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 187: Autism Fundamentals Future Dr. Ayyagari explains the recommended screenings for autism, how to diagnose it and sheds some light on the management. Dr. Arreaza mentions the Savant Syndrome and the need to recognize ASD as a spectrum and not a “black or white” condition. Written by Tejasvi Ayyagari, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 186: Exercise Prescriptions Dr. Sandhu and future Dr. Daoud explain the way to prescribe exercise, what are the general guidelines for exercise and how to overcome barriers to exercise. Dr. Arreaza emphasized the importance to screen our patients before exercise and using the term “physical activity” to improve receptivity by patients. Written by Wessam Daoud, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Edits and comments by Ranbir Sandhu, MD, and Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 185: Aging 101 Dr. Schlaerth explained the physiology, how to slow down and how to prevent aging. Dr. Ayyagari inquired about how to fight ageism in our clinic and in our society. Dr. Arreaza highlights the importance of treating elderly patients with dignity and empathy. A new book written by Dr. Schlaerth is introduced (“The Ways our Bodies Age.”) Written by Katherine Schlaerth, MD (Clinica Sierra Vista). Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD (Clinica Sierra Vista), and Tejasvi Ayyagari, MSIV (Ross University School of Medicine.)

Episode 184: Multiple Myeloma Basics Sub-Interns and future Drs. Di Tran and Jessica Avila explain the symptoms, work up and treatment of multiple myeloma. Written by Di Tran, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine; Xiyuan Yang, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Comments by Jessica Avila, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Edits by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 183: Colorectal Cancer in Young Adults Future Dr. Avila and Dr. Arreaza present evidence-based information about the screening and diagnosis of colorectal cancer and explain the increasing incidence among young adult and the importance to screen early in high risk groups. Written by Jessica Avila, MS4, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 182: HPV Vax Future Dr. Zuaiter and Dr. Arreaza briefly discuss HPV infection but pocus on the prevention of the infection with the vaccine. Dr. Arreaza mentions that HPV vaccine is also recommended by ASCCP to medical professionals. Written by Amanda Zuaiter, MS4, Ross University School of Medicine. Edits and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 181: Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Future Dr. Johnson explains the pathophysiology, assessment, and management of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis syndrome. Dr. Arreaza adds some insights on the topic. Written by Tyler Johnson, MSIV, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific-Northwest. Editing and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 180: Pediatric Hip Pain Future Dr. Pena-Brockett explains the differential diagnosis in a 14-year-old patient who has a new onset of left hip pain. Dr. Arreaza adds comments and explains toxic synovitis. Written by Natalie Pena-Brockett, MSIV, California Health Sciences University. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 179: Impact of intermittent fasting Impact on T2DM Future Dr. Carlisle explains the physiology of fasting and how it can help revert type 2 diabetes. Dr. Arreaza adds details on how to do intermittent fasting. Written by Cameron Carlisle, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments and edits by Hector Arreaza, MD, FAAFP.

Episode 178: Social Media in Medicine Dr. De Luna and Dr. Song explain the role of social media in medical education and how online journal clubs have become more useful in recent years. Dr. Arreaza offers insights into our role as educators and sources of truth. Written by Patrick De Luna, MD. Comments by David Zheng Song, MD, and Hector Arreaza, MD

Episode 177: Urinary Incontinence in Older Adults Future Dr. Nguyen explains the evaluation and treatment of older adults with urinary incontinence. Dr. Arreaza adds insights into the conservative management of urinary incontinence. Written by Vy Nguyen, MSIV, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific-Northwest. Editing and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 176: Self-sampling for HPV screening Future Dr. Markarian explains the importance of HPV screening for the prevention of cervical cancer. Dr. Arreaza adds some insight about cervical cancer. Written by Chantal Markarian, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Editing and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 175: Alcohol Use Disorder Basics Future Dr. Sangha explains the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and fundamentals of the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Dr. Arreaza offers insights about the human aspect of the treatment of AUD. Written by Darshpreet Sangha, MS4, Ross University School of Medicine. Editing and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 174: GERD in Adults Common and atypical symptoms are presented. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management are discussed. H. pylori's role is discussed during this episode. Written by Jacquelyn Garcia MS4 Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 173: Acute Osteomyelitis Future Dr. Tran explains the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis and describes the presentation, diagnosis and management of acute osteomyelitis. Dr. Arreaza provides information about Written by Di Tran, MSIII, Ross University School of Medicine. Editing and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 172: NAFLD and Obesity Future Dr. Nguyen explains the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and how it relates to obesity. Dr. Arreaza gives information about screening and diagnosis of NAFLD. Written by Ryan Nguyen, MS4, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 171: Postpartum Blues, Depression, and Psychosis Future Dr. Nguyen defines and explains the difference between baby blues, depression, and psychosis. Dr. Arreaza added comments about screening and management of these conditions. Written by Vy Nguyen, OMSIII, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 170: Schizophrenia: An Overview Future Dr. Chng explains the diagnostic criteria and describes how to treat schizophrenia. Dr. Arreaza mentions additional risk factors and social aspects of schizophrenia. Written by Tiffanny Chng, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 169: Food insecurity and Obesity in Kern County Future Dr. Kim presents the problem of food insecurity in Kern County and how it is linked to obesity and liver disease. She shared several resources available to address food insecurity. Dr. Arreaza reminds us of the importance of improving access to fresh and healthy foods. Written by Judy Kim, OMS3; Mira Patel, OMS3; and Vy Nguyen, OMS3. Western University of Health Sciences. Editing and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 168: UTI in Males Future Dr. Tran gives a summary of UTIs in Males, including epididymitis, orchitis, urethritis, prostatitis, and pyelonephritis. Diagnosis and treatment were briefly described and some differences with female patients were mentioned by Dr. Arreaza.

Episode 167: Aspirin in Pregnancy Dr. Marquez explains the use of aspirin during pregnancy to prevent preeclampsia. Dr. Arreaza adds comments and questions and clarifies that aspirin is not used for the treatment of preeclampsia. Written by Verna Marquez, MD, and Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 166: Naturopathic Medicine Insights Future Dr. Luong talked about what she learned about naturopathic doctors (NDs). She discussed the principles of naturopathic medicine and mentioned some differences in regulations across states in the US. Dr. Arreaza shared his opinion about the pros and cons of naturopathic medicine. Written by Teresa Luong, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Comments and editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 165: Early-Onset Sepsis Part 2 Dr. Lovedip Kooner explains how to use the Kaiser Permanente early-onset sepsis calculator and explains other useful tools to assist in the diagnosis of EOS. Dr. Arreaza adds comments about the usefulness of this calculator Written by Lovedip Kooner, MD. Comments and editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 164: More Than Just A Headache Dr. Song presents a case of a subacute headache that required an extensive workup and multiple visits to the hospital and clinic to get a diagnosis. Dr. Arreaza added comments about common causes of subacute headaches. Written by Zheng (David) Song, MD. Editing and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 163: Vascular Dementia Future Dr. Ruby explains gives a definition of vascular dementia and concisely explains the pathophysiology and presentation of this disease. Dr. Arreaza reminds us of the importance of treating diabetes to prevent dementia. Written by Carmen Ruby, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Editing and comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 162: Early-Onset Sepsis Dr. Kooner explains how to diagnose early-onset sepsis by using clinical evaluation and clinical tools. Dr. Schlaerths describes the signs and symptoms of sepsis in neonates, and Dr. Arreaza adds comments about GBS bacteriuria. Written by Lovedip Kooner, MD, editing Hector Arreaza, MD, and comments by Katherine Schlaerth, MD. Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program.

Episode 161: Depression Fundamentals Future doctors Madeline Tena and Jane Park define depression and explain different methods to diagnose it. Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment is mentioned briefly at the end. Written by Madeline Tena, MSIII, and Jane Park, MSIII. Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific. Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 160: Artificial Intelligence in Primary Care. Future Dr. Manophinives explains the present and future of AI in diagnosing and treating diseases. Written by Rosalynn Manophinives, MS-IV, American University of the Caribbean. Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 159: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Basics Future Dr. Ameri explains how transcranial magnetic stimulation can be useful in the treatment of certain mental conditions. Written by Omeed Ameri, MS-IV, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific. Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 158: Strength Training Principles. Future Dr. Hasan explains the importance of adding muscle strength exercises to our routine physical activity. Dr. Arreaza asked questions about some terminology and reminded us of the physical activity guidelines for Americans. Written by Syed Hasan, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 157: Urine Testing This episode includes the pitfalls of urine tests, how to detect adulterated urine, and more. Written by Janelli Mendoza, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD. Comments by Carol Avila, MD.

Episode 156: Obesity, Fertility, and Pregnancy Future Dr. Hamilton defines obesity and explains the pathophysiology of obesity and its effects on fertility and pregnancy. Dr. Arreaza adds some input about the impact of epigenetics on newborn babies. Written by Shelby Hamilton, MS3, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine. Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 155: Diabetic Foot Infection Guidelines 2023 Future Dr. Perez presents the updates on lung cancer screening by the American Cancer Society. Future Dr. Danusantoso explains the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic foot infections according to the guidelines published by the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF). Dr. Arreaza adds comments and anecdotes.

Episode 154: Heart Failure and GDMT Dr. Malave explains the four main medications that are part of the guideline-directed medical therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Dr. Arreaza added comments and questions. Written by Maria Fernanda Malave, MD. Edits by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 153: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Future doctors Nisha and Afolabi explain the way to prevent sudden infant death syndrome and Dr. Arreaza adds comments about prevention through vaccines. Written by Selena Nisha, MS4; and Oluwatoni Afolabi, MS4. Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD

Episode 152: ALS Fundamentals Future Dr. Rodriguez explains the symptoms of ALS, including UMN and LMN symptoms. Dr. Arreaza discusses the principles of symptomatic treatment by primary care. This is a brief introduction to ALS. Written by Adraina Rodriguez, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine.

Episode 151: Martian Medicine 102 Future Dr. Collins discussed with Dr. Arreaza two common complications of astronauts in a hypothetical travel to Mars: Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome and mental illness. Written by Wendy Collins, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 150: Re-update on COVID Vaccines and Cervical Cancer COVID vaccines have been updated (again). The bivalent m-RNA COVID-19 vaccines are no longer authorized in the US. Sabrina explains that the monovalent COVID-19 vaccines will be available soon to target XBB lineage and more. Future Dr. Rodriguez explains the USPSTF cervical cancer screening guidelines. Dr. Arreaza adds comments and insight.

Episode 149: COVID Vaccines Update [Historic episode]. Future Dr. Williams presented an update on COVID-19 vaccines. This update is only for immunocompetent individuals, and it was recorded on August 24, 2023. Dr. Arreaza added comments and insight. Written by John Williams, MS4, Ross University School of Medicine. Editing by Hector Arreaza, M.D.

Episode 148: Leg Cramps Future Dr. Weller explains the pathophysiology, management, and prevention of leg cramps. Hector Arreaza adds comments and anecdotes about leg cramps. Written by Olivia Weller, MS4, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 147: Routine Prenatal Care Written by Elika Salimi, MSIV. Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific. Comments and editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 146: RA vs OA Future Dr. Magurany explains how to differentiate rheumatoid arthritis from osteoarthritis. Written by Thomas Magurany, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 145: Family Planning for the LGBTQIA+ Future Dr. Hoque explains how to assist with family planning for the LGBTQIA+ community. Some principles such as avoiding unintended pregnancies and reducing and early treatment of STIs are discussed. Written by Ashfi Hoque, MBA, MS4, Ross University School of Medicine.

Episode 144: Risk Factors for Pediatric Overweight and Obesity Future Dr. Lal describes multiple risk factors associated with childhood overweight and obesity. Dr. Arreaza adds comments about caring for pediatric patients with obesity. Practice guidelines are mentioned throughout this episode. Written by Krustina Lal, MSIII, Western University College of Osteopathic of the Pacific. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 143: Pulmonary Cocci Basics Dr. Lovedip Kooner explains the history, diagnosis, and treatment of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis (cocci for short.) Disseminated cocci infection was also discussed. Dr. Arreaza added some anecdotes of patients seen with this infection. Written by Lovedip Kooner, MD. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 142: Tirzepatide II Future Dr. Beuca explains that tirzepatide has shown benefits in patients with obesity that go beyond its weight-reducing effects and includes reduction of blood pressure, among others. Dr. Arreaza explains that Wegovy (semaglutide approved for weight loss) is also very beneficial for weight loss and explains. Written by Maria Beuca, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 141: Adrenal Insufficiency Basics Future doctor Wilson explains how to recognize an acute adrenal insufficiency and explains how to treat it. Also, chronic adrenal insufficiency is explained. Dr. Arreaza adds comments about congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Written by Candace Wilson, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 140: Bullous pemphigoid basics Future Dr. Stetkevych explains the diagnosis and treatment of bullous pemphigoid. She explains how to differentiate BP from pemphigus vulgaris. Dr. Arreaza added some comments and summaries. Written by Katherine Stetkévych, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine.

Episode 139: What is PCOS Future Dr. Salimi explains the pathophysiology, signs, and symptoms of PCOS. Diagnostic criteria and the basics of treatment are also discussed. Dr. Arreaza adds some comments about the treatment of obesity. Written by Elika Salimi, MS3, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 138: SGLT-2 Inhibitors in heart failure Future doctor Enuka explains the use of sodium-glucose-linked cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors) in heart failure. Dr. Arreaza adds his experience with these medications and emphasizes their role as an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes. Written by Princess Enuka, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 137: Heart Transplant and LVAD Future Doctor My explains two treatments for advanced heart failure, heart transplant and Left Ventricle Assist Device (LAVD). Dr. Arreaza adds historical information about the first artificial heart implant and the first LAVD. Written by My Chau Nguyen, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 136: Street Med 2. Future Dr. Bedi presents the history and purpose of street medicine and shares why she became interested in this topic. Dr. Saito tells his personal experience and shares the particular challenges of unhoused patients. Written by Indudeep Bedi, OMS III, MSIII, Western University of Health Sciences. Comments by Steven Saito, MD.

Episode 135: Exercise in Diabetes Kishan and Princess explain how exercise lowers or raises blood glucose levels in diabetes. Dr. Arreaza adds some comments about insulin resistance. Written by Kishan Ghadiya, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Princess Enuka, MSIV, Ross University School of Medicine; and Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 134: Martian Medicine 101. Future doctor Collins and Dr. Arreaza talk about the health risks of going to space and to Mars, especially the effect of radiation. Written by Wendy Collins, MSIII, Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 133: Neonatal Jaundice Jennifer explained the pathophysiology of neonatal jaundice and how to treat it and described why screening for hyperbilirubinemia is important. Written by Jennifer Lai, MS3, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.

Episode 132: Harm Reduction and Reproductive Health Meghana explains how to implement harm reduction strategies in at-risk populations such as unhoused patients and injected drug users. Dr. Arreaza adds comments about PrEP for HIV and Expedited Partner Therapy (EPT) Written by Meghana Munnangi, MPH, third-year osteopathic medical student, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.