SpaceTime with Stuart Gary

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore new insights into the origins of Earth's water, groundbreaking discoveries beneath the surface of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and how tectonic plate movements may have influenced Earth's climate throughout history.
New Clues on Earth's Water Origins
A recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals that asteroid and comet impacts could only account for a small fraction of Earth's water supply. By analyzing oxygen isotopes in lunar regolith collected during the Apollo missions, researchers found that the early Earth likely retained little to no water during its formative years. This challenges long-held beliefs and suggests that the majority of Earth's water must have originated from other sources, rather than being delivered by celestial bodies.
Unprecedented Volcanic Activity on Io
NASA's Juno spacecraft has captured remarkable data on Io, the most volcanically active body in our solar system. Observations from a December flyby revealed the most energetic eruption ever detected on Io, affecting a vast area of 65,000 square kilometers. The findings indicate that interconnected magma reservoirs beneath Io's surface are responsible for this extraordinary volcanic activity, providing new insights into the moon's geological dynamics and evolution.
Tectonic Plates and Earth's Climate
A new study suggests that carbon released from shifting tectonic plates may have played a significant role in Earth's climatic transitions, rather than volcanic activity as previously thought. Researchers reconstructed carbon movements over the last 540 million years, providing evidence that carbon emissions from mid-ocean ridges were the primary drivers of climate shifts between ice ages and warmer periods. This research reshapes our understanding of past climate dynamics and offers valuable insights for future climate models.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Journal of Geophysical Research Planets
Communications Earth and Environment
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In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking astronomical events and the latest advancements in space exploration.
First Ever Super Kilonova Detected
Astronomers have made a significant discovery with the potential detection of the first ever super kilonova explosion. This extraordinary event, cataloged as AT 2025ULZ, is believed to have been triggered by a double supernova explosion, producing both gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation. Lead author Manzi Kasliwal from Caltech's Palomar Observatory discusses how this unique phenomenon could reshape our understanding of stellar evolution and the formation of heavy elements in the universe. With only one confirmed kilonova event to date, this new discovery presents an exciting opportunity to explore the complexities of cosmic explosions.
Blue Ghost 2 Spacecraft Shake Test
Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost Mission 2 spacecraft has undergone rigorous shake testing at NASA's Environmental Test Laboratory. This critical assessment simulates the intense vibrations and acoustics experienced during launch, ensuring the spacecraft can withstand the harsh conditions of a rocket ascent. JPL engineer Michael Williams explains the importance of these tests in preparing spacecraft for successful missions, as the Blue Ghost 2 aims to deliver multiple payloads to the lunar far side next year.
Shenzhou 20 Capsule Returns Safely
China's Shenzhou 20 spacecraft has successfully completed an unmanned return to Earth after sustaining damage from space debris. Initially intended to bring a crew of Tigernauts back home, mission managers opted for a safe return without the crew due to concerns over a crack in the capsule's viewport. This decision highlights the importance of safety in space missions, while also providing valuable data for future flights.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
NASA Reports
Nature Communications
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
(00:00:00) This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 152 for broadcast on 26 December 2025
(00:00:47) Astronomers detect what could be the first ever super kilonova explosion
(00:15:30) Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost 2 spacecraft undergoes shake testing at NASA's JPL
(00:20:10) China's Shenzhou 20 capsule returns safely to Earth after damage from space debris
(00:25:00) New study reveals the benefits of swearing during physical exertion

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore significant advancements in space exploration and innovative scientific projects.
Perseverance Rover's New Journey
After nearly five years on Mars, NASA's Perseverance Rover is on the move again, heading to a new site on the rim of Jezero Crater named Lac du Charm. Having traversed over 40 kilometres and collected vital rock core samples, the rover is undergoing extensive evaluations to ensure its longevity, with engineers confident it can operate until at least 2031. We discuss the rover's advanced autonomous driving capabilities and its mission to uncover signs of past microbial life.
Fashion Meets Science: Microbial Fabrics
A groundbreaking project is set to merge fashion and science by sending specially designed fabrics made from bacteria into space. These innovative materials will change colour in response to radiation exposure, potentially protecting astronauts from harmful levels of UV radiation and offering new applications for skin cancer prevention on Earth. Lead researcher Giles Ballet shares insights into how this technology could revolutionise both space exploration and everyday fashion.
Expedition 73 Crew Returns
The Expedition 73 astronauts have safely returned to Earth after an eight-month mission aboard the International Space Station. Their journey has contributed to over 250 experiments, including advancements in bioprinting and remote robotic operations. We also discuss the implications of recent challenges faced by Russia's manned space program.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Science
NASA Reports
Nature Communications
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
(00:00:00) This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 151 for broadcast on 24 December 2025
(00:00:47) NASA's Perseverance Rover begins a new journey on Mars
(00:12:30) Innovative microbial fabrics set to be tested in space
(00:19:15) Expedition 73 crew returns safely to Earth after eight months in orbit
(00:24:05) New study suggests humans have been using fire for 400,000 years
(00:27:30) Technology tips for buying the right printer for your needs

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking discoveries and exciting celestial events that illuminate our understanding of the universe.
Earliest Supernova Ever Detected
Astronomers have achieved a remarkable milestone by detecting the earliest supernova ever observed, dating back to a mere 730 million years after the Big Bang. Using the powerful Webb Space Telescope, this supernova, cataloged as GRB250314A, emitted a gamma ray burst that has shattered previous distance records. Lead author Andrew Levin shares insights into how this discovery provides a glimpse into the universe when it was only 5% of its current age, revealing surprising similarities with modern supernovae despite the vast differences in their epochs.
Liquid Water on Mars: New Evidence
New seismic data from NASA's Mars InSight lander suggests that liquid water could still exist beneath the Martian surface, potentially providing a habitat for microbial life. The analysis of marsquakes has revealed boundaries in the Martian crust that indicate the presence of water-filled cracks, offering compelling evidence that life may persist on the Red Planet. We discuss the implications of these findings and the methodologies used to analyze the Martian subsurface.
The Great Geminids Meteor Shower of 2025
The annual Geminid meteor shower is reaching its peak, presenting stargazers with the chance to witness up to 100 meteors per hour under optimal conditions. Unlike many meteor showers that originate from comets, the Geminids are unique as they come from the asteroid 3200 Phaethon. Dr. Robert Massey provides tips on how to best observe this spectacular celestial event, emphasizing the importance of dark skies and the naked eye for optimal viewing.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astronomy and Astrophysics
British Medical Journal
Nature Communications
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
(00:00:00) New clues suggest that liquid water could still exist on Mars today
(00:00:48) Astronomers have detected the earliest supernova ever seen using the Webb Space Telescope
(00:05:10) New study based on seismic data suggests liquid water may still exist on Mars
(00:09:12) The Geminids are visible between now and December 20th
(00:13:10) New study finds coffee may slow down biological aging of people with mental illnesses

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore significant developments in space exploration and cosmic studies that could reshape our understanding of the universe.
Nasa's MAVEN Mars Orbiter: Communication Loss
NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft has gone silent, with contact lost on December 6th after passing behind Mars. The orbiter has been a vital asset for over a decade, studying the Martian atmosphere and solar wind interactions that have transformed Mars from a water-rich world to a cold desert. We delve into MAVEN's critical findings, including the mechanisms of atmospheric escape and the implications of its potential loss for ongoing Martian research.
Galactic Neighbourhoods: Influencing Evolution
A new study reveals how a galaxy's local environment can significantly affect its evolution. The research, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, demonstrates that galaxies situated in densely populated regions tend to grow more slowly and develop different structures compared to their isolated counterparts. By analysing data from the Deep Extragalactic Visible Legacy Survey, astronomers have gained insights into the complex dynamics of galactic interactions and their impact on star formation rates.
Uranus and Neptune: More Richie than Icy?
Challenging long-held classifications, a recent study suggests that the solar system's ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, may actually be more rocky than icy. Researchers from the University of Zurich conducted computer simulations that indicate a broader range of internal compositions for these planets, which could explain their complex magnetic fields. This new perspective could alter our understanding of planetary formation and evolution, paving the way for future explorations of these distant worlds.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
NASA TV
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we tackle some of the most intriguing cosmic mysteries and discoveries that could reshape our understanding of the universe.
Unraveling Uranus: The Mystery of Its Radiation Belts
For 39 years, the intense electron radiation belts surrounding Uranus have puzzled scientists since NASA's Voyager 2 flyby in 1986 revealed unexpectedly high levels of radiation. New analyses suggest these findings may be explained by a solar wind structure interacting with the Uranian system during Voyager 2's visit. This research opens up new questions about the fundamental physics governing these extreme energy levels and the unique characteristics of Uranus itself.
Mapping Martian River Systems: A Historic First
A groundbreaking study has mapped ancient river systems on Mars, identifying 16 large drainage basins that could have supported life billions of years ago. By synthesizing previous data on Martian river valleys, lakes, and canyons, scientists have outlined how these systems could have formed a global network, similar to Earth's most biodiverse river basins. This research enhances our understanding of Mars' geological history and its potential for past life.
2026 Australasian Sky Guide Released
The 2026 Australasian Sky Guide has officially been released, offering skywatchers a detailed monthly map of celestial events. Highlights include supermoons, planetary alignments, and eclipses, providing an exciting year ahead for astronomy enthusiasts. Dr. Nick Glom shares insights into the guide's features and the astronomical events to look forward to in the coming year.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Communications Earth and Environment
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
(00:00:00) Scientists may have finally resolved 39 year old mystery about Uranus radiation belts
(00:03:55) A new study has begun the task of mapping ancient river systems on Mars
(00:08:06) The 2026 Australasian Sky Guide has just been released
(00:10:23) The book tells readers what's up in the sky for each month
(00:11:39) Total eclipse of the moon in March is spectacular and easy to photograph
(00:14:22) A new study suggests volcanic activity may have paved the way for the Black Death
(00:15:37) A new study claims people who want children are more likely to find older faces attractive
(00:17:33) Tim Mendham warns about the dangers of taking medical advice on social media
(00:20:08) Spacetime is available through bitesz.com and other podcasting platforms

(00:00:00) Galactic Tug-of-War: The Small Magellanic Cloud's Struggle Against Gravitational Forces
(00:00:46) One of our nearest neighbouring galaxies being torn apart
(00:08:00) A giant spider on the Jovian Ice Moon Europa
(00:12:23) Mars could have been habitable for long periods
(00:14:14) The Science Report
(00:17:23) Skeptics guide to why some people are born suckers
(00:20:24) Episode Wrap

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into fascinating cosmic phenomena and groundbreaking discoveries that could reshape our understanding of the universe.
The Small Magellanic Cloud: A Galaxy Under Duress
Astronomers have uncovered that the Small Magellanic Cloud, a nearby dwarf galaxy, is being torn apart by gravitational forces from its neighbor, the Large Magellanic Cloud. This revelation, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, highlights the complex movements of Cepheid variable stars within the galaxy, indicating that it is being stretched in multiple directions. By utilizing data from the European Space Agency's Gaia satellite, researchers have gained unprecedented insights into the interactions between these two galaxies, prompting a reevaluation of their structural dynamics and gravitational relationships with the Milky Way.
Europa's Spider: Signs of Subsurface Water?
A striking spider-like feature on Jupiter's moon Europa has scientists buzzing with excitement. Researchers suggest this formation, found near the Menanan impact crater, may be evidence of subsurface water seeping through the moon's icy crust following an asteroid impact. The findings, reported in the Planetary Science Journal, could have significant implications for the moon's habitability and the presence of life. By drawing parallels with similar features on Mars, scientists are eager to explore Europa's subsurface properties further, especially with the upcoming Europa Clipper mission set to launch in April 2030.
Mars: A Longer Habitable History?
New research indicates that Mars may have been habitable for a much longer duration than previously believed. A study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research Planets reveals that ancient underground water may have flowed beneath the Martian sand dunes, creating conditions conducive to life long after its surface water disappeared. This discovery not only enhances our understanding of Mars' geological history but also highlights the potential of subsurface environments as targets for future exploration in the search for past life.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
Planetary Science Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research Planets
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking discoveries and intriguing phenomena from Mars to the depths of space.
Lightning Strikes on Mars: A Historic Discovery
NASA's Perseverance Rover has made a remarkable find by detecting lightning in the Martian atmosphere for the first time. Recorded within two dust devils in Jezero Crater, the rover's Supercam microphone captured electromagnetic and acoustic signals indicative of electrical discharges. This discovery not only confirms long-held theories about Martian electrical activity but also reveals significant implications for the planet's atmospheric chemistry and potential hazards for future missions.
NASA's Observations of Interstellar Comet 3I Atlas
Following the European Space Agency's observations, NASA has released stunning images of interstellar comet 3I Atlas. As the comet passed close to Mars, NASA's MAVEN and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter provided crucial data on its trajectory and chemical composition. These insights are helping astronomers piece together the comet's journey and origins, revealing potential clues about water in other star systems.
Moss in Space: Resilience Against the Void
A new study has shown that moss can survive the harsh conditions of space for up to 15 years. Researchers sent moss spores to the International Space Station, where they thrived despite exposure to the vacuum and extreme temperatures. This remarkable resilience could have implications for understanding life's potential to endure in extreme environments beyond Earth.
Skywatch: December Highlights
As the December solstice approaches, we take a look at the night sky's highlights, including the Geminids meteor shower and the ticking time bomb of Eta Carina. We also discuss the significance of the December solstice and the celestial events that define this time of year.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Nature
NASA Reports
Journal of Eye Science
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
(00:00:00) NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has captured evidence of electrical discharges
(00:03:47) NASA publishes its own observations of the Interstellar Comet 3I Atlas
(00:07:26) Moss spores survive exposure to vacuum of space for up to 15 years
(00:09:40) The December solstice marks the beginning of winter in both hemispheres
(00:11:54) Axial precession causes a slow and continuous change in Earth's rotational axis
(00:15:11) Astronomers describe stars in terms of spectral types based on temperature and characteristics
(00:19:04) Two blue stars nearing end of their lives before exploding massive core collapse supernovae
(00:24:23) Just above the horizon is the constellation of Orion the Hunter
(00:34:04) Canopus talks about the effect of the Moon on stargazing
(00:37:03) The Southern Cross starts near the celestial equator and wanders far south
(00:39:06) There are two star clusters that we speak about quite often on the show
(00:41:50) The only planet that's up in the early evening is Saturn

(00:00:00) Theia Unveiled: Tracing the Origins of Earth's Moon and Lucy's Journey to Jupiter's Trojans
(00:00:50) New study claims Theia and Earth were once neighbours
(00:06:16) Lucy’s mission to Jupiter’s trojan asteroids
(00:15:26) Starliner’s next mission to be limited to cargo only
(00:17:57) The Science Report
(00:23:17) Alex on Tech: Dooms Day clock countdown to Digital ID

In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into the intriguing origins of our Moon and the latest developments in space exploration.
Theia: The Lost Planet Behind the Moon's Birth
A groundbreaking study reveals that Theia, the small planet believed to have collided with Earth to form the Moon, originated from the inner solar system. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute and the University of Chicago have analyzed isotopic compositions of Earth and Moon rocks, suggesting that Theia was likely composed of materials found closer to the Sun than Earth's orbit. This discovery sheds light on the nature of this celestial body and its dramatic impact on our planet's history.
Lucy Mission Update: Journey to Jupiter's Trojans
NASA's Lucy spacecraft, launched in October 2021, is on an ambitious 12-year mission to explore Jupiter's Trojan asteroids. These ancient remnants from the solar system's formation are crucial for understanding planetary development. Lucy will visit seven asteroids, including both leading and trailing Trojan swarms, providing unprecedented insights into the early solar system. Principal Investigator Hal Levison emphasizes that the mission will revolutionize our understanding of planetary formation and the origins of volatiles and organics on terrestrial planets.
Starliner Mission Limited to Cargo
In a significant setback, NASA has announced that Boeing's Starliner spacecraft will only carry cargo on its next mission to the International Space Station. This decision follows a series of technical issues that plagued Starliner's previous flights. With the total number of planned missions reduced from six to four, NASA aims to ensure safety and reliability before allowing crewed flights again.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Science
NASA Reports
Max Planck Institute Studies
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking advancements in our understanding of the universe and the challenges faced in space exploration.
Detecting Dark Matter: A Major Breakthrough
After nearly a century of speculation, scientists may have finally detected dark matter. A report in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics reveals that gamma rays emitted from dark matter particle collisions have been observed using NASA's Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope. This discovery aligns with predictions about dark matter's existence and could signify a new particle not included in the current standard model of particle physics. If confirmed, this finding would represent one of the most significant developments in astronomy and physics to date.
CHEOPS Spacecraft Nears Milestone
The European Space Agency's CHEOPS (Characterizing Exoplanet Satellite) is approaching another milestone as it enters its sixth year of a mission initially planned for three and a half years. Launched in December 2019, CHEOPS aims to determine the size and characteristics of known exoplanets. With its 30-centimeter optical telescope, the spacecraft has been crucial in observing transiting exoplanets and will now extend its search to include exomoons, enhancing our understanding of planetary systems beyond our own.
Disaster at Baikonur Cosmodrome
A major disaster struck at the Baikonur Cosmodrome during the launch of the Soyuz MS.28 spacecraft to the International Space Station. The mobile service platform collapsed due to the rocket's exhaust plume, resulting in significant damage to the launch pad. This incident leaves Russia without a functional facility for manned space missions for the first time in 60 years, delaying upcoming launches and posing challenges for future missions.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
European Space Agency Reports
NASA News Releases
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the latest discoveries and challenges in space exploration and Earth science.
Tracking Interstellar Comet 3I Atlas from Mars
The European Space Agency has successfully monitored interstellar comet 3I Atlas from its ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, significantly improving the accuracy of its predicted trajectory by a factor of ten. The comet, which travels at speeds of up to 250,000 km/h, was observed from a unique vantage point, allowing astronomers to refine its path through our solar system. This remarkable achievement underscores the importance of multi-location observations in planetary defense efforts.
Geomagnetic Superstorm Ganon's Impact on Earth's Plasma Sphere
A recent study reveals how the geomagnetic superstorm Ganon dramatically compressed Earth's plasmasphere, reducing its size to just a fifth of its normal extent. This event, which occurred in May 2024, provides crucial insights into the effects of extreme space weather on our planet's protective layers. The findings will enhance solar storm forecasts and help safeguard satellites and communication systems during such events.
Delays for the Dream Chaser Spaceplane
Sierra Space's Dream Chaser spaceplane faces further delays, now expected to launch its first orbital flight in approximately a year. Originally designed for crew transport, the spacecraft is now slated for resupply missions to the International Space Station. Despite setbacks, recent tests have demonstrated its systems' readiness for future operations, although challenges remain as the ISS's operational life nears its end.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Earth Planets and Space Journal
Journal of the American Chemical Society
NASA Reports
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

(00:00:00) Cosmic Speedsters: Unravelling Our Solar System's Surprising Velocity and Enceladus' Organic Secrets
(00:00:46) Our solar system is moving faster than expected
(00:04:38) Organic molecules discovered erupting from Saturn’s moon Enceladus
(00:08:29) A new satellite launched to study Earth’s oceans
(00:13:49) The Science Report
(00:15:52) Alex on Tech

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking insights into Earth's mysteries and the cosmos beyond.
Mysterious Structures in Earth's Mantle
A new study reveals that enigmatic structures within Earth's mantle may hold vital clues about why our planet evolved the conditions necessary for life. These massive formations, known as large low shear velocity provinces and ultra low velocity zones, reside at the boundary between the mantle and outer core, approximately 2,900 kilometres beneath the surface. The research suggests these anomalies could be remnants of Earth's formative processes, providing a deeper understanding of how elements from the core influenced the planet's cooling, volcanic activity, and atmospheric evolution, ultimately setting Earth apart from Venus and Mars.
Unprecedented View of the Milky Way
Astronomers have achieved a remarkable new perspective of our home galaxy, the Milky Way, with the largest low-frequency radio image ever assembled. This extensive survey, conducted using the Murchison Wide Field Array radio telescope in Western Australia, captures the intricate birth, evolution, and demise of stars across the southern hemisphere. The new image, which boasts double the resolution and tenfold sensitivity compared to previous observations, offers valuable insights into stellar interactions and the cosmic landscape, revealing patterns in star formation and supernova remnants.
Successful Return of Stranded Taikonauts
In a significant development, the three Chinese taikonauts stranded in orbit after their Shenzhou 20 spacecraft was struck by space debris have safely returned to Earth aboard the Shenzhou 21 capsule. The crew's return marks the end of a six-month mission at the Tiangong space station, with their extended stay setting a new record for the longest duration in space for Chinese astronauts. The episode highlights the challenges of space travel and the rapid response by Beijing to ensure crew safety.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Geoscience
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia
New England Journal of Medicine
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

(00:00:00) Cosmic Clues Beneath Us: The Mantle's Role in Life and the Milky Way Unveiled
(00:00:47) Mysterious structures within Earth's mantle may hold clues to life
(00:05:05) A new unprecedented view of the Milky Way Galaxy
(00:12:36) Stranded Chinese taikonauts return safely to Earth
(00:14:21) The Science Report
(00:16:58) Skeptics guide to the return of the haunted doll.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking insights into Earth's mysteries and the cosmos beyond.
Mysterious Structures in Earth's Mantle
A new study reveals that enigmatic structures within Earth's mantle may hold vital clues about why our planet evolved the conditions necessary for life. These massive formations, known as large low shear velocity provinces and ultra low velocity zones, reside at the boundary between the mantle and outer core, approximately 2,900 kilometres beneath the surface. The research suggests these anomalies could be remnants of Earth's formative processes, providing a deeper understanding of how elements from the core influenced the planet's cooling, volcanic activity, and atmospheric evolution, ultimately setting Earth apart from Venus and Mars.
Unprecedented View of the Milky Way
Astronomers have achieved a remarkable new perspective of our home galaxy, the Milky Way, with the largest low-frequency radio image ever assembled. This extensive survey, conducted using the Murchison Wide Field Array radio telescope in Western Australia, captures the intricate birth, evolution, and demise of stars across the southern hemisphere. The new image, which boasts double the resolution and tenfold sensitivity compared to previous observations, offers valuable insights into stellar interactions and the cosmic landscape, revealing patterns in star formation and supernova remnants.
Successful Return of Stranded Taikonauts
In a significant development, the three Chinese taikonauts stranded in orbit after their Shenzhou 20 spacecraft was struck by space debris have safely returned to Earth aboard the Shenzhou 21 capsule. The crew's return marks the end of a six-month mission at the Tiangong space station, with their extended stay setting a new record for the longest duration in space for Chinese astronauts. The episode highlights the challenges of space travel and the rapid response by Beijing to ensure crew safety.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Geoscience
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia
New England Journal of Medicine
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

(00:00:00) Exploring Mars and Beyond: The Escapade Mission and the Expanding Mysteries of the Pleiades
(00:00:43) NASA's ESCAPADE mission to Mars blasts off
(00:10:00) The Pleiades prove to be far bigger than thought
(00:14:05) Ending the debate over interstellar comet 3I-Atlas
(00:17:05) The Science Report
(00:19:39) Skeptics guide to talking to plants.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the latest advancements in space exploration and cosmic discoveries that deepen our understanding of the universe.
NASA's Escapade Mission Launches to Mars
NASA has successfully launched its first dual satellite mission to Mars, the Escapade spacecraft, aboard Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket. This innovative mission aims to map the Martian magnetic field and atmosphere in three dimensions, providing crucial insights into how Mars lost its atmosphere and the conditions necessary for future human colonization. The twin probes, named Blue and Gold, will utilize a unique trajectory that allows for flexible launch windows, crucial for future resupply missions to Mars.
The Pleiades Star Cluster: A Greater Cosmic Structure
New research has revealed that the Pleiades star cluster is significantly larger than previously thought, forming the core of an expansive stellar complex that spans nearly 2,000 light years. This groundbreaking study combines data from multiple space missions, providing a clearer picture of the Pleiades' origins and its connection to other stellar groups, reshaping our understanding of star formation and migration across the galaxy.
Debate Over Interstellar Comet 3I Atlas Continues
The ongoing debate regarding the origins of interstellar comet 3I Atlas is addressed, as evidence increasingly supports its classification as a comet rather than an alien spacecraft. This segment explores the comet's characteristics, trajectory, and the scientific explanations behind its unusual features, reaffirming its status as a natural celestial object.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
NASA Reports
University of California Research
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into remarkable discoveries that illuminate the origins of our planet and the cosmos beyond.
Ancient Australian Rocks Shed Light on Earth's Origins
Scientists have made significant strides in understanding the formation of Earth and the Moon through the analysis of 3.7 billion-year-old feldspar crystals from the Murchison region in Western Australia. This research reveals that continental growth began relatively late in Earth's history, around three and a half billion years ago, suggesting a shared composition between Earth and the Moon following a colossal impact event. The findings challenge existing theories about the timing of crustal development and provide new insights into the early geological processes that shaped our planet.
Hints of a Possible Fifth Force in Nature
A groundbreaking report has emerged, suggesting the potential existence of a fifth fundamental force of nature. Researchers have observed unexpected deviations in electron transitions among calcium isotopes, hinting at a new particle, the Yukawa boson. This discovery could reshape the standard model of particle physics and deepen our understanding of the universe's fundamental forces, as scientists continue to explore the mysteries of atomic interactions.
Record-Breaking Ocean Waves Observed from Space
In an astonishing revelation, satellites have recorded ocean waves reaching heights of nearly 20 metres, the largest ever measured from space. This episode explores how these massive waves, driven by storms, can carry destructive energy across vast distances, impacting coastlines far from the storm's origin. The findings not only validate existing wave models but also reveal new insights into the energy dynamics of ocean swells.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Communications
Physical Review Letters
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the latest astronomical phenomena and significant discoveries that are shaping our understanding of Earth and space.
Auroral Displays Light Up the Skies
Planet Earth has been treated to an extraordinary display of auroras, with both the Aurora Australis and Aurora Borealis lighting up the skies following three powerful X-class solar flares, including an X 5.1 event on November 11. This segment dives into the mechanics behind these solar flares, the resulting coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and how they triggered spectacular auroras visible at lower latitudes than usual, including sightings as far north as Cairns and even Florida.
Largest Modern Impact Crater Discovered
Scientists have uncovered what is believed to be the largest modern impact crater on Earth, the 900-metre-wide Jinling Crater in southern China. This well-preserved structure, dating back to the Holocene epoch, offers new insights into extraterrestrial impacts and their effects on our planet. The discovery challenges previous assumptions about the frequency and scale of impacts from small celestial bodies and highlights the importance of studying such geological features.
Nasa's Key Communications Dish Out of Service
In a significant setback for NASA, the 70-metre Goldstone deep space communications dish has been rendered inoperable due to an accident that occurred in September. The incident has raised concerns about the strain on NASA's Deep Space Network, especially with upcoming missions like Artemis 2. We discuss the implications of this loss for various space missions and the efforts being made to mitigate the impact on communications.
The Science Robert
In our science report, we highlight a new projection from the World Meteorological Organisation indicating that 2025 is unlikely to be the hottest year on record, but it will rank among the top three. We also address public health concerns surrounding a measles alert in Australia, linked to declining vaccination rates, and the potential resurgence of preventable diseases. This segment underscores the importance of vaccination in maintaining herd immunity and protecting public health.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Geophysical Research
Nature Communications
World Meteorological Organisation Reports
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(00:00:00) Cosmic Beginnings and Stellar Discoveries: Unveiling the First Stars and Secrets of the Moon
(00:00:47) Have astronomers finally seen the universe’s first stars
(00:04:06) Hidden secrets about the Moon and the asteroid Vesta
(00:10:45) Euclid peers deep into a stellar nursery full of baby stars
(00:16:05) The Science Report
(00:18:09) Skeptics guide to flat earthers falling flat on their face again

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking findings that could reshape our understanding of the universe's early stars, the Moon's hidden secrets, and the asteroid Vesta's internal structure.
First Stars Detected
Astronomers may have finally glimpsed the universe's first stars, known as Population 3 stars, thanks to observations from NASA's Webb Space Telescope. These luminous giants, formed just 200 million years after the Big Bang, are believed to have ended the cosmic dark ages and initiated the epoch of reionisation. The episode delves into the significance of these findings, which suggest that these stars were formed in small clusters and exhibit extremely low metallicity, challenging previous theories about the early universe.
Secrets of the Moon Revealed
Two NASA studies have provided fascinating insights into the Moon's internal structure through advanced gravity modelling. By analysing data from the GRAIL mission, researchers have created the most detailed gravitational map of the Moon to date, revealing variations linked to tidal deformation. This research offers clues about the Moon's geological history and volcanic activity, particularly highlighting differences between the near and far sides of the Moon.
New Insights into Asteroid Vesta
In a parallel study, scientists examined the asteroid Vesta's structure using data from NASA's Dawn spacecraft. Contrary to earlier beliefs of a layered interior, new measurements suggest Vesta may have a more uniform composition, with only a small core, if any. This revelation challenges long-held assumptions about the formation and evolution of this ancient asteroid.
Euclid Space Telescope's Stellar Nursery Observations
The European Space Agency's Euclid Space Telescope has peered into the dark cloud LDN 1641, uncovering a vibrant stellar nursery filled with young stars. This segment discusses the significance of Euclid's observations, which not only aid in fine-tuning the telescope's capabilities but also contribute to our understanding of star formation and the cosmos.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
Nature
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

(00:00:00) Decelerating Cosmos and Solar Secrets: Unravelling Dark Energy and the Sun's Magnetic Dance
(00:00:45) More confirmation that the Universe's expansion is slowing
(00:08:53) First glimpse of the Sun’s polar magnetic field in motion
(00:14:09) Space Weather events ramping up
(00:18:24) The Science Report
(00:20:29) Alex on Tech NEO the humanoid housekeeper

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore significant revelations about the universe's expansion, the Sun's magnetic field, and the current surge in solar weather activity.
The Universe's Expansion Rate is Slowing
A new study has confirmed that the universe's rate of expansion, which began after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, is slowing down. This finding contradicts previous theories suggesting that the expansion was accelerating due to dark energy. We delve into the implications of this research, which indicates that dark energy may be evolving more rapidly than previously understood, potentially marking a paradigm shift in cosmology. The episode discusses various scenarios for the universe's future, including the Big Crunch, Steady State theory, Big Freeze, and Big Rip, and how these new observations could reshape our understanding of cosmic fate.
First Glimpse of the Sun's Polar Magnetic Field
Astronomers have captured their first detailed view of the Sun's polar magnetic field in motion, revealing unexpected rapid movements. The Solar Orbiter spacecraft has provided insights into the Sun's magnetic activity, which follows an 11-year cycle. This segment highlights the significance of the findings, which enhance our understanding of solar dynamics and the implications for space weather.
Current Surge in Space Weather Events
As the Sun reaches solar maximum, astronomers are observing increased solar storm activity, including multiple X-class and M-class solar flares. This segment discusses the effects of coronal mass ejections on Earth, including spectacular auroras and potential disruptions to technology and power grids. We explore the science behind solar flares and their impact on our planet, providing a comprehensive overview of current space weather conditions.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Astrophysical Journal Letters
Nature Geoscience
Journal of the American Medical Association
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

(00:00:00) Galactic Influences and Supermoons: Exploring Earth's Crust and Taikonaut Trials
(00:00:42) Earth's geology written in the stars
(00:10:30) Taikonauts stranded in space following space junk impact
(00:12:38) Biggest Supermoon of the year
(00:14:59) The Science Report
(00:17:20) Skeptics guide to jogging big foots

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into fascinating intersections of geology and astronomy that could reshape our understanding of Earth's history and the cosmos.
Earth's Geology Written in the Stars
A groundbreaking study reveals a compelling connection between the structure of our Milky Way galaxy and the evolution of Earth's crust. Researchers from Curtin University have found that meteorite impacts, influenced by the solar system's journey through the galaxy, have played a significant role in shaping our planet's geology. The episode explores how ancient zircon crystals are providing a unique archive of Earth's interactions with the galaxy, suggesting that astrophysical processes may have directly influenced the continents beneath our feet and the conditions that made life possible.
Taikonaut Stranded in Space
In a dramatic turn of events, three Chinese taikonauts are stranded in orbit after their Shenzhou 20 spacecraft was struck by suspected space junk just hours before their scheduled return to Earth. This segment discusses the implications of the impact, the ongoing assessments by mission managers, and the potential need for a replacement capsule to ensure the crew's safe return. The episode also reflects on past incidents involving space debris and the measures taken to protect the Tiangong Space Station.
The Biggest Supermoon of the Year
Skywatchers around the globe were treated to the biggest supermoon of the year, appearing 7% larger and 30% brighter than a typical full moon. This segment explains the science behind the phenomenon, including the moon's elliptical orbit and its impact on tides. We also discuss how the term "supermoon" became popularised and the frequency of such lunar events, with several more supermoons on the horizon.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review
https://journals.aps.org/pr/
Nature
https://www.nature.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Earth's Geology Written in the Stars
Taikonaut Stranded in Space
The Biggest Supermoon of the Year
Earth's Geology Written in the StarsTaikonaut Stranded in SpaceThe Biggest Supermoon of the Year

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore remarkable discoveries and hypotheses that could redefine our understanding of planetary atmospheres and our journey back to the Moon.
Phosphine Discovery in Brian Dwarf Wolf 1130C
For the first time, astronomers have detected phosphine in the atmosphere of the brown dwarf Wolf 1130C, raising intriguing questions about its presence and the chemistry of such celestial bodies. This discovery, reported in the journal Science, highlights the significance of phosphorus as a potential biosignature for life and challenges previous theories regarding the abundance of phosphine in other brown dwarfs and gas giants. The episode delves into the implications of this finding and what it means for our understanding of phosphorus chemistry in the universe.
A New Hypothesis for Planetary Water Formation
A groundbreaking hypothesis suggests that some planets may produce water during their formation through reactions between rocks and hydrogen under extreme pressure. This new perspective, discussed in the journal Nature, could explain the presence of liquid water on exoplanets located close to their host stars, challenging traditional views of water's origins. The episode examines the laboratory experiments that led to this hypothesis and its potential impact on our understanding of planetary habitability.
Preparing for Humanity's Return to the Moon
As NASA gears up for the Artemis 2 mission, which aims to send humans around the Moon, we discuss the significance of returning to the lunar south pole. This area is believed to contain more water than any other region on the Moon, making it a crucial target for future exploration. The episode highlights the advancements in technology and international collaboration that will pave the way for a sustained human presence on the Moon, furthering our exploration of the solar system.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science
https://www.sciencemag.org/
Nature
https://www.nature.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Phosphine Discovery in Brian Dwarf Wolf 1130C
A New Hypothesis for Planetary Water Formation
Preparing for Humanity's Return to the Moon

In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking astronomical discoveries that challenge our understanding of the universe.
The Most Massive Stellar Black Hole Merger Ever Observed
Astronomers have detected the most massive stellar black hole merger to date, cataloged as GW23 1123, which resulted in a black hole with a staggering mass of 225 times that of our Sun. This episode discusses the implications of this merger, observed by the LIGO Virgo Collaboration, and how it pushes the boundaries of current theories on black hole formation. The rapid spinning of the resulting black hole raises intriguing questions about the processes that lead to such massive objects in the cosmos.
Unraveling the Mystery of Dark Matter
Can radio telescopes and NASA's IMAP mission provide answers to the enigma of dark matter? New research suggests that during the cosmic dark ages, dark matter clumped together, pulling in hydrogen gas that emitted powerful radio waves. This segment explores how these signals could potentially illuminate the properties of dark matter, which remains one of the biggest mysteries in astrophysics.
Navigating the Heliosphere with IMAP
NASA's Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) is on a mission to study the heliosphere, the protective bubble created by the solar wind. As it travels towards its operational position, IMAP will provide unprecedented insights into the interactions between the solar wind and interstellar space, enhancing our understanding of space weather and its effects on our planet and future space exploration.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
The Most Massive Stellar Black Hole Merger Ever Observed
Unraveling the Mystery of Dark Matter
Navigating the Heliosphere with IMAP

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore a trio of intriguing astronomical phenomena that are reshaping our understanding of the cosmos.
Interstellar Comet 3I Atlas: A Close Encounter
Interstellar comet 3I Atlas has reached its perihelion, passing closest to the Sun without any signs of alien life forms, despite wild media speculation. This episode discusses how the comet maintained its expected trajectory and velocity, while also revealing groundbreaking findings from NASA's Swift Space Telescope, which detected ultraviolet signatures of water from the comet, providing new insights into the chemistry of interstellar objects and their potential to harbour the building blocks of life.
A Colossal Gas Bridge Between Dwarf Galaxies
Astronomers have discovered a massive bridge of neutral hydrogen gas linking two dwarf galaxies, NGC 4532 and DDO 137, located approximately 53 million light years away. This remarkable structure spans an astonishing 185,000 light years and is accompanied by a vast tail of gas extending 1 million light years. The findings shed light on how galaxies interact and evolve, particularly in dense environments like the Virgo Cluster, and offer crucial insights into the dynamics of galactic gas and star formation.
Volcanic Eruptions and Hidden Ice on Mars
A new study suggests that explosive volcanic eruptions on ancient Mars may have transported water ice to the equatorial regions of the Red Planet. Using computer modelling, researchers propose that water vapour released during these eruptions could have frozen in the Martian atmosphere, leading to the accumulation of significant ice deposits. This discovery could have profound implications for future human exploration of Mars, as it raises questions about the availability of water resources in unexpected locations.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/naturecommunications/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Interstellar Comet 3I Atlas: A Close Encounter
A Colossal Gas Bridge Between Dwarf Galaxies
Volcanic Eruptions and Hidden Ice on Mars

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into groundbreaking discoveries that could reshape our understanding of life on Mars and the cosmos beyond.
Martian Ice: A Potential Reservoir for Life
A recent study suggests that Martian ice may be the most promising location to search for signs of ancient microbial life. Researchers found that biomolecules from dormant microbes degrade significantly slower in pure water ice compared to Martian soil mixtures. This discovery, published in the journal Astrobiology, raises hopes that future missions to Mars could uncover preserved organic materials in its icy regions, potentially revealing the planet's biological history.
A Mysterious Dark Object in the Universe
Astronomers have identified the lowest mass dark object ever detected, with a mass about a million times that of our Sun. This enigmatic object, reported in Nature Astronomy, may offer insights into the nature of dark matter, which constitutes a significant portion of the universe's mass. The object was detected through gravitational lensing, and its small size challenges existing theories about dark matter's composition and distribution.
NASA's Call for Lunar Mission Bids
NASA is seeking new bids for its Artemis Moon program, aiming to foster competition among American companies to return humans to the lunar surface. With ongoing delays from SpaceX, NASA Administrator Sean Duffy emphasizes the urgency of the mission as the U.S. races against China to achieve lunar exploration milestones. The upcoming Artemis missions promise to be pivotal in establishing a sustainable human presence on the Moon.
November Skywatch with Jonathan Nally
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrobiology Journal
https://www.liebertpub.com/journals/astrobiology/1
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Martian Ice: A Potential Reservoir for Life
A Mysterious Dark Object in the Universe
NASA's Call for Lunar Mission Bids

(00:00:00) Lunar Relics and Interstellar Insights: Discoveries from the Moon and Comet 3I ATLAS
(00:00:46) Relics of the outer solar system discovered on the Moon
(00:03:30) Insights from interstellar comet 3I ATLAS
(00:07:31) SpaceX's Starship Mega rocket test flight
(00:23:54) The Science report
(00:31:46) Episode Wrap

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore remarkable discoveries that provide new insights into our solar system and beyond.
Relics of the Outer Solar System Found on the Moon
A groundbreaking study reveals that meteorites found on the Moon originated from the outer solar system. Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences have identified olivine-bearing clasts from lunar regolith collected by the Chang'e 6 mission. These relics, believed to be carbonaceous chondrites, offer critical information about the formation and evolution of planets. The findings suggest that the Moon serves as a pristine archive for meteorites, with implications for understanding the origins of lunar water and organic materials.
Interstellar Comet 3I ATLAS: Insights into Alien Solar Systems
The interstellar comet 3I ATLAS is revealing fascinating details about the composition of other solar systems. New observations indicate that 3I ATLAS has been active longer than expected, releasing various molecules as it travels through our solar system. This segment discusses how the comet's behavior challenges existing assumptions about comet activity and provides clues about the materials present in distant star systems.
SpaceX's Starship Mega Rocket Test Flight
SpaceX has successfully completed its 11th test flight of the Starship Mega rocket, demonstrating significant advancements in its design and capabilities. The mission involved various maneuvers, including hot staging and payload deployment, as well as tests of the spacecraft's reentry and landing procedures. This episode highlights the importance of these tests for future missions to the Moon and Mars, as SpaceX continues to refine the Starship for interplanetary travel.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org/
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Relics of the Outer Solar System Found on the Moon
Interstellar Comet 3I ATLAS: Insights into Alien Solar Systems
SpaceX's Starship Mega Rocket Test Flight

(00:00:00) Near Miss and Cosmic Spectacles: Asteroids, Comets, and Space Junk in Earth's Orbit
(00:00:46) Planet Earth experiences as asteroid near miss
(00:02:58) Two green comets lighting up the night skies
(00:07:31) Chinese space junk smashes into Western Australia
(00:09:09) The Science Report
(00:12:07) Skeptics guide to the magic healing Biomet
(00:15:15) Show Wrap-up

In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into a series of astonishing astronomical events that recently unfolded, including a near-miss asteroid and mesmerizing comets lighting up our night skies.
Asteroid 2025 TF: A Close Encounter
An undetected asteroid, now designated 2025 TF, made a startling pass just 428 kilometers above Earth, equivalent to the altitude of the International Space Station. Detected by astronomers from Kitt Peak National Observatory six hours post-approach, this 3-meter space rock serves as a reminder of the many near misses that may go unnoticed. This episode discusses the implications of such encounters and the ongoing efforts to enhance planetary defense against potential threats.
Green Comets Illuminate the Night Sky
Skywatchers have been treated to the rare sight of two vibrant green comets, C 2025 R2 Swann and C 2025 A6 Lemon, both originating from the Oort Cloud. As they approach the sun, these comets are heating up and releasing gases, creating their characteristic tails. This segment explores their trajectories, visibility, and the exciting opportunity they present for amateur astronomers, particularly as they coincide with the annual Orionid meteor shower.
Chinese Space Junk Crash in Australia
In a dramatic turn of events, debris from the Chinese Jielong 3 rocket has been discovered smoldering in Western Australia's outback. This segment details the recovery of the wreckage and the ongoing investigation by the Australian Space Agency. The incident raises concerns over space debris management, especially in light of previous accidents involving Chinese spacecraft.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/
Geophysical Research Letters
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19448007
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Asteroid 2025 TF: A Close Encounter
Green Comets Illuminate the Night Sky
Chinese Space Junk Crash in Australia

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the latest findings in Martian meteorology, delve into Earth's ancient tectonic activity, and prepare for humanity's return to the Moon.
Raging Winds on Mars: Unveiling Martian Weather Patterns
A groundbreaking study published in the journal Science Advances reveals that wind speeds on Mars can reach up to 160 km/h, significantly higher than earlier estimates. Lead author Valentin U.H. Meckel from the University of Bern discusses how these powerful winds, along with dust devils, play a crucial role in shaping Mars' climate and dust distribution. This episode explores how the observations from the European Space Agency’s Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter have provided unprecedented insights into Martian atmospheric dynamics, which are essential for planning future manned missions to the Red Planet.
Unlocking Earth's Deep Past: New Insights into Subduction
In a surprising twist to our understanding of early Earth, a new study published in Nature Communications suggests that subduction and continental crust formation occurred much earlier than previously believed. Researchers utilized advanced geochemical analysis of ancient olivine crystals to challenge the notion of a stagnant lid tectonic regime during the Hadean eon. This episode discusses the implications of these findings on our understanding of Earth's geological history and the processes that shaped our planet's surface.
NASA's Artemis II: Preparing for Lunar Exploration
NASA is set to send astronauts back to the Moon with the Artemis II mission, slated for launch in early 2026. This episode provides an overview of the mission's objectives, including a ten-day crewed flyby of the Moon, which will test the Orion spacecraft and gather crucial scientific data. As the crew prepares to explore the lunar far side, we discuss the significance of this mission for future lunar habitation and potential manned missions to Mars.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Raging Winds on Mars: Unveiling Martian Weather Patterns
Unlocking Earth's Deep Past: New Insights into Subduction
NASA's Artemis II: Preparing for Lunar Exploration
(00:00) Wind speeds on Mars and their implications
(12:45) New findings on early Earth's tectonic activity
(21:15) NASA's Artemis II mission overview
(30:00) Science report: Octopus handedness and air pollution effects on sleep apnea

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking discoveries that reshape our understanding of Mars, the Moon, and the Milky Way Galaxy.
Ancient Oceans on Mars: Geological Evidence Revealed
A new study published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters presents compelling geological evidence that Mars' Northern Hemisphere was once home to a vast ocean. Lead author Chris from the University of Arkansas discusses how comparisons between river rocks on Earth and Martian sediment reveal ancient river deltas and backwater zones, suggesting that liquid water flowed on the Red Planet, increasing the possibility of past life. This episode delves into the processes of sedimentation and erosion that shaped Mars' landscape, providing insights into its watery past.
The Moon's South Pole-Aitken Basin: Unveiling Impact Mysteries
A fresh analysis of the Moon's largest impact crater, the South Pole-Aitken Basin, sheds light on its formation and the Moon's geological history. Researchers have discovered that this massive crater's shape indicates an impact from the north, challenging previous assumptions. As the Artemis missions prepare to land near this basin, they will have the opportunity to study material excavated from the lunar interior, potentially unlocking secrets about the Moon's evolution and the asymmetries in its crust.
Nancy Chris Roman Space Telescope: Mapping the Milky Way
NASA's upcoming Nancy Chris Roman Space Telescope is set to revolutionise our understanding of the Milky Way's interstellar medium. This mission will map around 20 billion stars, using infrared light to penetrate the dust clouds obscuring our view. Chief investigator Catherine Zucker explains how this data will refine our models of star formation and the galaxy's structure, while also addressing the ongoing mysteries of galactic spiral patterns and their role in star birth.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Geophysical Research Letters
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19448007
Nature
https://www.nature.com/nature
NASA Nancy Chris Roman Space Telescope
https://roman.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Ancient Oceans on Mars: Geological Evidence Revealed
The Moon's South Pole-Aitken Basin: Unveiling Impact Mysteries
Nancy Chris Roman Space Telescope: Mapping the Milky Way
(00:00) Evidence of ancient oceans on Mars
(10:15) New insights into the Moon's largest impact crater
(19:30) The upcoming Nancy Chris Roman Space Telescope mission
(27:00) Science Robert: Heatwaves and their impact on global mortality

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the intriguing world of near-Earth asteroids, the evolution of our universe, and the remarkable discovery of a rogue planet experiencing unprecedented growth.
Invisible Asteroids Near Venus: A Hidden Threat
Recent computer simulations published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics have raised alarms about a population of near-Earth asteroids that remain undetectable due to their proximity to Venus. These Venusian co-orbital asteroids, which share an orbital resonance with Venus, could pose a collision risk to Earth within a few thousand years. The study's lead author, Valerio Carumba, explains the challenges of observing these asteroids, as they are obscured by the Sun's glare. With a size of around 300 metres, these asteroids could create impact craters several kilometres wide, highlighting the need for dedicated space missions to monitor this potential threat.
The Universe's Evolution: New Insights from the Epoch of Reionization
Astronomers have made significant strides in understanding the universe's early days, revealing that it was warmer than previously thought before the first stars ignited. Research based on observations from the Murchison Wide Field Array in Western Australia indicates that the gas between galaxies was heated around 800 million years after the Big Bang, contradicting earlier theories of a cold universe. This heating, likely driven by early X-ray sources, set the stage for the epoch of reionization, which transformed the cosmos from opaque to transparent, allowing light to travel freely.
A Richie Planet's Remarkable Growth Spurt
In a groundbreaking discovery, astronomers have identified a rogue planet, catalogued as char 11 oh 7 minus 7626, that is not bound to any star and is growing at an astonishing rate of 6 billion tonnes of gas and dust per second. Located approximately 600 light years away in the constellation Chameleon, this planet challenges conventional notions of planetary stability. Observations reveal that its accretion rate fluctuates dramatically, highlighting the dynamic processes at play in the formation of rogue planets and blurring the lines between planets and stars.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Invisible Asteroids Near Venus: A Hidden Threat
The Universe's Evolution: New Insights from the Epoch of Reionization
A Richie Planet's Remarkable Growth Spurt
(00:00) The threat posed by invisible asteroids near Venus
(10:30) New findings on the universe's warm early phase
(19:00) Discovery of a rogue planet growing at record rates
(27:15) Science Robert: 2025 Nobel Prize announcements

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the latest revelations in astrophysics, including the intriguing prospect of supermassive dark stars, Australia's ambitious lunar rover mission, and fresh insights into the formation of our solar system.
Supermassive Dark Stars: A New Cosmic Discovery
Astronomers have identified potential candidates for a new type of star in the early universe, known as supermassive dark stars. Recent observations from the Webb Space Telescope suggest that these stars, primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, are supported against gravitational collapse by dark matter. This episode delves into how these dark stars could help explain the existence of supermassive black holes and the unexpectedly bright distant galaxies observed by Webb. With the possibility of a smoking gun signature in their spectra, the implications of this discovery could reshape our understanding of dark matter and stellar evolution.
Australia's Lunar Rover Mission: A Step Towards the Moon
Work is underway on Australia's first lunar rover, set to launch as part of NASA's Artemis programme. This 20-kilogram robotic vehicle, developed by the Queensland University of Technology, will explore lunar geology and contribute to establishing a sustainable human presence on the Moon. The episode covers the rover's design, mission objectives, and the collaborative efforts between Australian institutions and NASA to advance lunar exploration.
Piecing Together the Early Solar System
New research published in Science Advances reveals that the early solar system was more chaotic than previously thought, with planets forming from recycled fragments of shattered bodies rather than pristine materials. This episode discusses the violent origins of our solar system and how high-energy collisions influenced the development of planetary cores, ultimately shaping the celestial bodies we know today.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Physical Review Letters
https://journals.aps.org/prl/
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Supermassive Dark Stars: A New Cosmic Discovery
Australia's Lunar Rover Mission: A Step Towards the Moon
Piecing Together the Early Solar System
(00:00) The potential discovery of supermassive dark stars
(10:15) Australia's new lunar rover mission details
(18:45) New findings on the chaotic origins of the solar system
(25:30) Skywatch for October: Meteor showers and celestial highlights

In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into the fascinating findings from Saturn's icy moon Enceladus, discuss delays in the Dream Chaser spaceplane's launch schedule, and celebrate NASA's breakthroughs in laser communications for deep space missions.
Enceladus: Unveiling Complex Chemistry
Recent discoveries reported in the journal Nature Astronomy reveal that Saturn's moon Enceladus is spewing complex organic molecules from its subsurface ocean. Data collected by the Cassini spacecraft during its mission has unveiled fresh insights into the chemical reactions occurring in this hidden ocean. The presence of organic molecules, including precursors for amino acids, raises the possibility that Enceladus may have once harboured conditions suitable for life. This episode explores how these findings could inform future missions aimed at further investigating Enceladus and its potential habitability.
Dream Chaser Spaceplane: A Delay in Launch
Sierra Space has announced that their Dream Chaser spaceplane's first free flight demonstration has been pushed back to late 2026. Originally designed as a manned spacecraft, Dream Chaser will now serve as a cargo transport for NASA's Commercial Resupply Services, delivering supplies to the International Space Station. The episode discusses the spaceplane's unique design, its cargo capabilities, and the future of its missions, including plans for a fully operational crewed version.
Nasa's Optical Deep Space Laser Communications Success
NASA's new Optical Deep Space Laser Communications project has surpassed all technical goals, paving the way for high-speed communications for future crewed missions to Mars. The technology, which successfully transmitted data over vast distances, demonstrated data rates comparable to broadband Internet services. This breakthrough enables faster communication for astronauts and could revolutionise data transmission in deep space. Tune in to learn more about the technology behind this ambitious project and its implications for future space exploration.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy
NASA Dream Chaser
https://www.nasa.gov/dreamchaser
NASA Optical Deep Space Laser Communications
https://www.nasa.gov/lasercom
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Enceladus: Unveiling Complex Chemistry
Dream Chaser Spaceplane: A Delay in Launch
NASA's Optical Deep Space Laser Communications Success
(00:00) The Dream Chaser spaceplane set for another delay
(00:48) Scientists have discovered new complex organic molecules spewing from Saturn's Enceladus
(09:41) NASA says new optical Deep Space Laser communications project has exceeded all technical goals
(17:29) Around a quarter of all press releases in the United States are probably AI generated
(19:23) Companies failing to secure AI agents is causing security risks, warns expert
(20:27) Gary Stuart says AI agents can be hacked and should be treated like humans

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the future of our universe, the latest advancements in mapping our Milky Way, and the pivotal role fungi played in the evolution of life on land.
The Universe's Fate: A Big Crunch in 20 Billion Years
A groundbreaking study published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics reveals that the universe is approaching the midpoint of its 33 billion-year lifespan and may end in approximately 20 billion years. Lead author Henry Tighe from Cornell University presents new data suggesting that the universe's cosmological constant may be negative, leading to a contraction and eventual collapse—a phenomenon referred to as the "big crunch." This research, based on observations from the Dark Energy Survey and the dark energy spectroscopic instrument DESI, challenges long-held beliefs about the universe's eternal expansion and opens new avenues for understanding cosmic evolution.
Mapping the Milky Way: Gaia's 3D View
The European Space Agency's Gaia Space Telescope has unveiled the most precise three-dimensional map of star-forming regions within our Milky Way galaxy. By analysing data from 44 million stars, Gaia has provided insights into the obscured molecular clouds where new stars are born. This innovative mapping technique allows astronomers to understand the distribution of ionised gas and the dynamics of star formation, offering a fresh perspective on our galaxy's structure and the processes that shape it.
Fungi: The Pioneers of Terrestrial Life
A recent study published in Nature Ecology and Evolution has identified that fungi played a crucial role in preparing Earth for life on land between 900 million and 1.4 billion years ago—much earlier than previously thought. Researchers from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology utilised a novel gene swap method to trace the evolution of fungi, suggesting that these organisms were instrumental in creating the first ecosystems and nutrient recycling processes that facilitated the emergence of terrestrial life. This discovery reframes our understanding of the timeline for life on Earth and highlights the importance of fungi in shaping our planet's biosphere.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia
Nature Ecology and Evolution
https://www.nature.com/newe
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The Universe's Fate: A Big Crunch in 20 Billion Years
Mapping the Milky Way: Gaia's 3D View
Fungi: The Pioneers of Terrestrial Life

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the intriguing potential for life on the dwarf planet Ceres, explore NASA's latest mission to study the heliosphere, and celebrate the achievements of the University of Melbourne's Spirit Nanosat.
Ceres: A Potentially Habitable World?
Recent research published in Science Advances suggests that Ceres, currently a frigid and frozen world, may have once harboured conditions suitable for life. By modelling the planet's thermal and chemical history, scientists propose that Ceres could have sustained a long-lasting energy source, allowing for microbial metabolism. While there's no direct evidence of life, the findings indicate that Ceres had the necessary ingredients—water, carbon, and chemical energy—that could have supported single-celled organisms in its ancient past.
Nasa's New Heliospheric Mission
NASA has launched the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) to investigate the heliosphere, the magnetic bubble surrounding our solar system. This mission aims to enhance our understanding of solar wind and its interactions with interstellar particles, which are crucial for assessing space weather impacts on Earth. IMAP will operate alongside the Carruthers Geocorona Observatory and NOAA's Swifo L1 spacecraft, contributing to a comprehensive study of our solar environment.
Spirit Nanosat's Milestone Achievement
The University of Melbourne's Spirit nanosatellite has successfully completed its initial mission phase, deploying its thermal management system and taking a selfie in space. Launched in December 2023, Spirit is equipped with a miniaturised gamma-ray detector to search for gamma-ray bursts, marking a significant advancement in small satellite technology and scientific exploration.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
NASA IMAP Mission
https://www.nasa.gov/imap
University of Melbourne Spirit Nanosatellite
https://www.unimelb.edu.au/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Ceres: A Potentially Habitable World?
NASA's New Heliospheric Mission
Spirit Nanosat's Milestone Achievement
(00:00) New study claims the dwarf planet Ceres could once have been habitable enough for life
(05:14) The Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe will study the heliosphere
(15:58) New study finds tropical fish are colonising new habitats because of ocean warming
(18:07) Khloe Kardashian reportedly claims she's seen UFOs and experienced paranormal activity

(00:00:00) Mercury's Shrinking Secrets: Insights into the Solar System's Smallest Planet
(00:00:43) Mercury's Ongoing Shrinkage
(00:03:11) NASA's Carruthers Geocorona Observatory
(00:11:52) Insights from Martian Meteorite NWA 16254
(00:14:23) Tech News

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the intriguing dynamics of Mercury's shrinking size, embark on a mission to unveil Earth's elusive exosphere, and uncover the secrets of ancient volcanic activity on Mars.
Mercury's Ongoing Shrinkage
Recent research published in AGU Advances reveals that Mercury continues to shrink as it cools, a process that has been ongoing since its formation 4.6 billion years ago. Scientists have estimated that the planet's radius has contracted by between 2.7 to 5.6 kilometres due to cooling-induced faulting. This study employs new methods to provide a more accurate understanding of Mercury's long-term thermal history, which could also be applied to other planetary bodies, including Mars.
NASA's Carruthers Geocorona Observatory
NASA has launched the Carruthers Geocorona Observatory to study Earth's invisible halo, the exosphere. This mission aims to capture the first continuous observations of the Geocorona, revealing the dynamics of hydrogen atoms escaping into space. Understanding the exosphere's response to solar activity is crucial for predicting space weather events that could affect astronauts on missions to the Moon and beyond. The observatory will provide insights into how Earth retains water and may even aid in the search for exoplanets with similar atmospheric conditions.
Insights from Martian Meteorite NWA 16254
A meteorite discovered in the Zaharov Desert is shedding light on Mars's ancient volcanic systems. The rock, classified as NWA 16254, offers unprecedented insights into the planet's magmatic processes, indicating a two-stage crystallisation process that occurred under varying pressure conditions. This discovery could help scientists understand Mars's thermal history and its volcanic evolution over billions of years, raising questions about the planet's past and its potential for hosting life.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
AGU Advances
https://agu.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/23337380
NASA Geocorona Observatory
https://www.nasa.gov/
Planetary Science Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2632-3338
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Mercury's Ongoing Shrinkage
NASA's Carruthers Geocorona Observatory
Insights from Martian Meteorite NWA 16254

(00:00:00) Stardust from Beyond: Unveiling the Secrets of Asteroid Bennu and Saturn's Mysteries
(00:00:47) Scientists have discovered minerals older than our solar system embedded in asteroid Bennu
(00:10:22) Scientists using NASA's Webb telescope have uncovered mysterious features in Saturn's atmosphere
(00:14:58) NASA's Parker Solar Probe completes 25th close approach to the sun
(00:17:27) The Science Report

In this episode of Space Time, we uncover groundbreaking discoveries that challenge our understanding of the cosmos. Join Stuart Gary as he discusses the astonishing findings from the asteroid Bennu, revealing minerals older than our solar system itself. Delve into the unexpected features observed in Saturn's atmosphere and learn about the Parker Solar Probe's close flyby of the Sun. This episode is packed with insights that could reshape our knowledge of planetary formation and cosmic history.

Chapters:
(00:00) This is space time series 28 episode 117 for broadcast on 29 September 2025
(00:47) Scientists have discovered minerals older than our solar system embedded in asteroid Bennu
(10:13) Scientists using NASA's Webb telescope have uncovered mysterious features in Saturn's atmosphere
(14:59) NASA's Parker Solar Probe completes 25th close approach to the sun
(17:41) A widely reported study on apple cider vinegar and weight loss has been retracted

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In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into the cosmos to uncover the secrets of the early universe, explore the potential for black hole atmospheres, and examine the intriguing history of habitability on Mars, alongside the launch of a new deep space antenna by the European Space Agency.
Mysterious Red Dots in the Early Universe
Astronomers have identified a population of enigmatic red dots in the early universe, potentially representing exotic stellar atmospheres around ancient black holes. These findings, published in Astronomy and Astrophysics, could bridge the gap in understanding the rapid growth of supermassive black holes. The Webb Space Telescope's observations suggest these objects might be a new class of celestial body, challenging existing models of galaxy formation and offering insights into the origins of galaxies.
Multiple Episodes of Habitability on Mars
NASA's Perseverance rover has provided compelling evidence that Mars's Jezero Crater experienced multiple episodes of liquid water flooding, each capable of supporting life. By analysing geochemical data, scientists have identified various minerals that reveal a dynamic history of volcanic activity and water interactions, suggesting a complex aqueous past that could have fostered life on the Red Planet.
European Space Agency's New Deep Space Dish
The European Space Agency is set to inaugurate its latest Australian deep space antenna at the Norcia tracking station in Western Australia. This 35-metre parabolic dish will enhance ESA's deep space communications capabilities, supporting missions and ensuring robust data transmission from spacecraft exploring our solar system. The new facility complements ESA's existing network of antennas worldwide, reinforcing their commitment to deep space exploration.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/
Journal of Geophysical Research Planets
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699356
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Mysterious Red Dots in the Early Universe
Multiple Episodes of Habitability on Mars
European Space Agency's New Deep Space Dish

In this episode of SpaceTime, we celebrate a major milestone in exoplanet discoveries, unravel the enigmatic surface of Venus, and delve into the intriguing tale of interstellar comet 3I ATLAS.
Exoplanet Count Surpasses 6,000
Astronomers have reached an impressive milestone, confirming their 6,000th exoplanet, a testament to the rapid pace of discoveries since the first detection of an exoplanet in 1995. This milestone not only highlights the evolving understanding of our galaxy but also raises questions about the myriad of planetary types discovered, from rocky planets to gas giants. While the hunt for Earth-like planets continues, the methods employed to discover these distant worlds remain a challenge, with fewer than 100 exoplanets directly imaged to date. The future holds promise with upcoming missions, including NASA's Nancy Chris Roman Space Telescope, which aims to further uncover the secrets of our cosmic neighbourhood.
Decoding Venus's Mysterious Surface
Scientists are making strides in understanding the peculiar features of Venus, particularly the crown-like structures known as coronae. A new study suggests these features may be the result of magma plumes attempting to break through the planet's crust. By mapping the paths of these magmatic bursts, researchers are shedding light on Venus's geological history and its stark contrast to Earth, despite their similarities in size and formation. The findings could help explain why Venus has become a hellish environment, devoid of life, while Earth thrives.
Interstellar Comet 3I ATLAS
Astronomers have captured stunning new images of interstellar comet 3I ATLAS, revealing a prominent tail and glowing coma as it journeys through the inner solar system. These observations provide valuable insights into the comet's composition and behaviour, suggesting that it shares similarities with comets originating from our own solar system. As 3I ATLAS approaches the Sun, its increasing activity offers a unique opportunity for scientists to study material that formed around distant stars. The comet is expected to re-emerge in November, promising further observations and discoveries.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
NASA Exoplanet Science Institute
https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org/
Gemini Observatory
https://www.gemini.edu/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Exoplanet Count Surpasses 6,000
Decoding Venus's Mysterious Surface
Interstellar Comet 3I ATLAS

In this episode of SpaceTime, we tackle the mysteries of the cosmos with a new mathematical model of the universe and ponder the age-old question: are we alone in the universe?
New Model of the Universe
Scientists have unveiled a groundbreaking mathematical model aimed at simplifying our understanding of the universe's evolution over the past 13.8 billion years. This innovative research, based on data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), offers fresh insights into the cosmic web's structure, revealing how dark energy influences cosmic expansion. Lead author Leonardo Gianni from the University of Queensland discusses how this model challenges existing paradigms and provides a clearer picture of the universe's complex behaviour, including the impact of voids and collapsing regions of matter.
Are We Alone?
A new study presented at the European Planetary Science Congress raises intriguing questions about the existence of intelligent alien civilizations. Researchers estimate that the nearest technological society in our galaxy could be over 33,000 light years away, with conditions on their home planets potentially mirroring those of Earth. The study highlights the challenges of sustaining advanced life and the long timelines required for such civilizations to coexist with humanity.
Partial Solar Eclipse
Today, a partial solar eclipse graced the skies over New Zealand, the South Pacific, and parts of Australia and Antarctica. As the Moon passed between the Earth and the Sun, observers witnessed a stunning celestial display with up to 70% of the Sun's face obscured. This remarkable event serves as a reminder of the intricate dance of celestial bodies that shape our night sky.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review Letters
https://journals.aps.org/prl/
European Planetary Science Congress
https://www.epsc2025.eu/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
New Model of the Universe
Are We Alone?
Partial Solar Eclipse
New Model of the UniverseAre We Alone?Partial Solar Eclipse

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the thrilling prospects of observing exploding black holes, an astonishing stellar jet on the outskirts of the Milky Way, and the meticulous preparations for an Earth observation satellite mission.
Exploding Black Holes on the Horizon
A groundbreaking study suggests that astronomers may soon witness a black hole explosion, an event theorised to occur once every 100,000 years. Researchers now believe there’s a 90% chance of observing such an explosion within the next decade, potentially revealing primordial black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. These explosions could provide a comprehensive catalogue of all subatomic particles, including those yet to be discovered, fundamentally altering our understanding of the universe's origins.
Immense Stellar Jet Discovered
Astronomers have identified a colossal stellar jet erupting from a young star in the Milky Way's outskirts, specifically in the Sharpless 2284 region. This rare phenomenon involves twin jets of hot plasma extending over eight light years, driven by superheated gases falling onto the massive star. Captured by NASA's Webb Space Telescope, this discovery not only sheds light on star formation but also offers insights into the conditions of the early universe.
Preparing for Earth Observation
The European Space Agency is conducting rigorous tests for a future Earth observation satellite mission, including an airborne campaign in the Arctic. Scientists are evaluating a new imaging microwave radiometer designed to monitor sea ice and its evolution. This mission aims to gather vital data on climate change and the Arctic environment, contributing to a better understanding of global phenomena.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review Letters
https://journals.aps.org/prl/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Exploding Black Holes on the Horizon
Immense Stellar Jet Discovered
Preparing for Earth Observation

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the secrets of ancient geology, explore the watery past of an asteroid, and delve into the origins of globular clusters.
Supercontinent Breakup Revealed
Scientists have made significant strides in understanding the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia, which occurred over 800 million years ago. Research conducted on rare minerals in Outback Australia has revealed how niobium-rich carbonatites rose through fault zones during tectonic rifting, providing insights into the geological processes that shaped our planet. These findings not only illuminate the history of Rodinia but also highlight the importance of niobium in modern technologies, such as electric vehicles and advanced alloys.
Water Activity on Asteroid Richie
Exciting new research confirms that liquid water once flowed on the parent body of the near-Earth asteroid Richie, challenging previous assumptions about water activity on asteroids. Analysis of rock samples returned by Japan's Hayabusa2 mission has shown evidence of water movement through Ryugu's rocks, indicating that carbon-rich asteroids may have played a more significant role in delivering water to Earth than previously thought. This discovery has profound implications for our understanding of planetary formation and the conditions that made Earth habitable.
Origins of Globular Clusters
Astronomers are closer to solving the mystery of globular clusters, dense stellar systems that have puzzled scientists for centuries. Recent high-resolution computer simulations have revealed multiple pathways for their formation, suggesting that some may originate from satellite dwarf galaxies stripped of their outer stars during galactic mergers. This breakthrough could lead to new insights into dark matter and the formation of the universe's earliest stars.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Geological Magazine
https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tgeo20
Nature
https://www.nature.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Supercontinent Breakup Revealed
Water Activity on Asteroid Richie
Origins of Globular Clusters

In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking discoveries on Mars, the intriguing atmosphere of Makemake, and the awe-inspiring total lunar eclipse that captivated millions.
Potential Biosignatures on Mars
NASA scientists have revealed that samples collected by the Perseverance rover from Jezero Crater may hold the best chance yet of uncovering evidence of past microbial life. The samples, taken from the rock formation known as Chiava Falls, exhibit characteristics that could indicate potential biosignatures. These findings suggest that Mars may have been habitable for longer than previously thought, challenging earlier assumptions about the planet's history.
Atmosphere Discovered on Makemake
In a remarkable discovery, astronomers have detected indications of a methane gas atmosphere on the distant dwarf planet Makemake. This finding, made using NASA's Webb Space Telescope, suggests the presence of a tenuous atmosphere or possibly cryovolcanic activity. Makemake, which resides in the Kuiper Belt, is now only the second known trans-Neptunian object, after Pluto, to have confirmed gaseous presence, revealing its dynamic nature and potential for active geology.
Total Lunar Eclipse
A stunning total lunar eclipse has mesmerised observers across Australia, Europe, Africa, and Asia. This celestial event transformed the full moon into a blood-red spectacle as Earth’s shadow obscured it. The eclipse lasted over five hours, showcasing the beauty of orbital mechanics and providing a thrilling experience for stargazers.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature
https://www.nature.com/
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Potential Biosignatures on Mars
Atmosphere Discovered on Makemake
Total Lunar Eclipse

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover some of the most exciting discoveries and developments in the universe, including the detection of the brightest fast radio burst ever observed, the New Horizons spacecraft's record-setting hibernation, and an innovative method for generating oxygen in space.
Brightest Fast Radio Burst Detected
Astronomers have identified what is being hailed as the brightest fast radio burst (FRB) ever recorded. Catalogued as FRB 2025 0316A, this extraordinary flash of energy was detected 130 million light years away in the spiral galaxy NGC 4141. The burst's unprecedented brightness and proximity provide scientists with a unique opportunity to study its origins and the environment surrounding it, potentially shedding light on the enigmatic sources of these fleeting cosmic phenomena.
New Horizons Enters Record Hibernation
NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has officially begun a record-setting hibernation period as it journeys through the Kuiper Belt, now over 9.2 billion kilometres from Earth. This hibernation will last until June 2026, surpassing its previous record of 273 days. Despite being in hibernation, the spacecraft will continue to collect valuable data on charged particles and dust in the outer heliosphere, which will be transmitted back to Earth upon reactivation.
Revolutionary Oxygen Generation in Space
In a significant advancement for future space missions, scientists have developed a new method for generating oxygen in space using neodymium magnets to enhance the electrolysis process. This innovative approach simplifies the extraction of oxygen bubbles from water, potentially replacing complex systems currently used in microgravity environments. By leveraging magnetic forces, this technique could improve the efficiency and reliability of oxygen production for astronauts.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
Nature Chemistry
https://www.nature.com/nchem/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Brightest Fast Radio Burst Detected
New Horizons Enters Record Hibernation
Revolutionary Oxygen Generation in Space

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the latest developments in space exploration, including the European Space Agency's Juice mission, NASA's Psyche spacecraft, and groundbreaking advancements in lunar resource utilization.
Juice Mission Back on Track
The European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, Juice, is set for a critical flyby of Venus after overcoming a communications anomaly that temporarily severed contact with Earth. Engineers successfully restored communication with the spacecraft, which is now on its way to study Jupiter's Galilean moons—Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa—believed to harbor subsurface oceans that may support extraterrestrial life. The flyby will assist Juice in gaining the necessary speed for its journey to Jupiter, scheduled for arrival in 2031.
Psyche Spacecraft Calibration
NASA's Psyche spacecraft, launched in 2023, has successfully calibrated its onboard cameras as it journeys toward the metal-rich asteroid of the same name. The spacecraft aims to unlock the secrets of planetary cores and will utilize its cameras to capture images of Psyche's surface when it arrives in 2029. The calibration process includes imaging Earth and Mars to ensure the instruments perform optimally for their scientific objectives.
Creating Resources from Moon Dust
In a significant breakthrough, scientists have developed a method to produce water, oxygen, and methane fuel using lunar regolith, sunlight, and carbon dioxide from astronauts' breath. This innovation could drastically reduce the cost of transporting supplies from Earth to the Moon, paving the way for sustainable lunar bases and expanded space exploration capabilities.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Juice Mission Back on TrackPsyche Spacecraft CalibrationCreating Resources from Moon Dust

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into thrilling advancements in space exploration, including a remarkable test flight of SpaceX's Starship, groundbreaking insights into Mars, and a classified mission from the United States Space Force.
Starship's Spectacular Test Flight
After overcoming numerous challenges, SpaceX's Starship has successfully completed its 10th test flight, launching from Texas and splashing down in the Indian Ocean. This flight demonstrated the rocket's capabilities, including a controlled splashdown of the Super Heavy booster and the successful deployment of Starlink satellite simulators. The mission provided critical data on the vehicle's performance during reentry, including stress testing its heat shield.
New Insights into Mars
The European Space Agency's Mars Express Orbiter has provided new observations of the Acheron Foci region, revealing the geological forces that have shaped the Red Planet. These findings highlight the impact of ancient geological upheaval and climatic shifts on Mars' landscape, offering clues about its past and the dynamic processes that continue to influence its environment today.
Space Force's Secret Shuttle Mission
The United States Space Force has launched its 8th X37B space shuttle mission, utilizing a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. This classified mission aims to test next-generation technologies, including advanced laser communication systems and quantum sensors. The versatile X37B continues to serve as a platform for various operational demonstrations and experiments in space.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

This episode is brought to you by the support of Insta360 - the leaders and innovators in portable 360 Photography. And they have just released the all new UltraGo...the take anywhere camera. Get all the details by visiting store.insta360.com and use the promo code SPACETIME at checkout for our special listener offer. 
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking discoveries and developments in the realm of astrophysics and space exploration.Rogue Planets and Their Potential
A fascinating new study reveals that giant free-floating planets, known as rogue planets, may have the ability to form their own miniature planetary systems independently of a host star. Observations from the Webb Space Telescope have identified young rogue planets with masses between 5 to 10 times that of Jupiter. These dim objects, which emit primarily in the infrared spectrum, are believed to hold secrets about the formation of planetary systems. The findings indicate that disks of warm dust surrounding these planets could provide the necessary materials for planet formation, suggesting that such systems could exist even in the absence of stars.Europe's Space Rider Progresses
The European Space Agency's reusable Space Rider spacecraft has successfully completed a crucial test of its nose cone, marking another milestone in its development. This innovative spacecraft will allow ESA to conduct orbital missions and return scientific payloads to Earth. Designed to operate as an unmanned laboratory in low Earth orbit, Space Rider will support a variety of experiments and technology demonstrations, paving the way for Europe to enhance its capabilities in space exploration.Harvesting Solar Power from Space
Could space-based solar panels be the solution to our energy needs? Scientists are investigating two promising projects aimed at capturing solar energy in orbit. The Innovative Heliostat Swarm aims to create a network of mirrors that direct sunlight to a central receiver, converting it into electricity for transmission back to Earth. Meanwhile, the Mature Planar Array is closer to deployment but will only capture solar energy about 60% of the time. Despite current challenges in cost-effectiveness, these projects could lead to breakthroughs in sustainable energy.www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
Journal of Solar Energy
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/solar-energy
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you by Insta360's newest camera, the GoUltra. To get more details on this go anywhere camera, visit store.insta360.comand for our special offer use the code SPACETIME at checkout.
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the mysteries lurking in the cosmos, from a rogue supermassive black hole to a meteorite crash in Georgia, and the origins of asteroids Bennu and Ryugu.
An Invisible Monster in the Cosmos
Astronomers have made a chilling discovery of a supermassive black hole, 600 million light years away, that has been lurking in the darkness of space. Using NASA's Hubble and Chandra space telescopes, along with a Very Large Array radio telescope, researchers identified this rogue black hole that consumes stars and planets that venture too close. The black hole was revealed through a tidal disruption event, where a star was torn apart and swallowed, offering a glimpse into the physics of these cosmic behemoths.
Meteorite Slams into Georgia Home
In an extraordinary event, a meteorite crashed through a house in Atlanta, Georgia, on June 26, narrowly missing the homeowner. Witnessed by hundreds, the fireball streaked across the sky before fragments penetrated the roof and ceiling. Planetary geologist Scott Harris retrieved samples for analysis, revealing the meteorite's origins in the asteroid belt, dating back 4.56 billion years, and potentially linked to the breakup of a larger asteroid.
Origins of Asteroids Bennu and Ryugu
Recent research suggests that both Bennu and Ryugu may share a common ancestry, originating from the same collisional family of asteroids known as Polana. Spectral data comparisons indicate similarities between these asteroids, supporting the hypothesis that they were formed from the remnants of a larger body that fragmented early in the solar system's history. This discovery opens new avenues for understanding the evolution of these near-Earth asteroids.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
Planetary Science Journal
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/planetary-science-journal
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you with the support of Insta360. Capture your adventures with their latest game-changer, the GoUltra. For a special offer, visit store.insta360.com and use the promo code SPACETIME at checkout.
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore thrilling recent discoveries and events in the cosmos, including close encounters with asteroids, a newly discovered moon around Uranus, and the cosmic dance of dwarf galaxies.
Earth Dodges Two Asteroid Near Misses
Planet Earth has narrowly avoided two asteroid near misses within days of each other. The first, asteroid 2025 PF2, zipped past at an altitude of just 22,000 kilometers, while the second, 2025 PU1, came even closer at 29,000 kilometers. Both asteroids, small yet significant, highlight the ongoing risks posed by near-Earth objects, with 2025 PU1 being particularly alarming as it was only detected hours after its closest approach.
A New Moon for Uranus
Astronomers have identified a new moon orbiting Uranus, bringing the total number of known satellites to 26. Detected using NASA's Webb Space Telescope, this moon, estimated to be about 10 kilometers in diameter, eluded previous observations, including those from the Voyager 2 mission. Its discovery adds to the complexity of Uranus's moon system and raises questions about the chaotic history of its rings and satellites.
Dancing Dwarf Galaxies and the Milky Way's Fate
A new study suggests that the fate of our Milky Way galaxy is intricately tied to the gravitational interactions with smaller dwarf galaxies as it approaches a merger with the Andromeda galaxy. By studying similar galactic systems, researchers aim to predict how these cosmic dances will influence the evolution of our galaxy over the next few billion years, providing insights into dark matter and cosmic structure.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
https://academic.oup.com/mnras
NASA's Webb Space Telescope
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/webb/main/index.html
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into intriguing new research that challenges our understanding of Earth's climatic history, the discovery of a rare astronomical phenomenon, and China's advancements in lunar exploration.
Did a Comet Trigger the Younger Dryas Cool Off?
A groundbreaking study has emerged suggesting that a massive comet may have instigated Earth's Younger Dryas cool off event, traditionally attributed to glacial meltwater. Analysis of ocean sediments published in the journal PLOS One reveals geochemical clues that support the hypothesis of Earth encountering a disintegrating comet around 12,800 years ago. This event could have led to rapid cooling, with temperatures plummeting by approximately 10 degrees Celsius within a year. The findings indicate a potential link between comet dust and significant climate shifts, inviting further investigation into this captivating theory.
Discovery of a Rare White Dwarf Merger Remnant
Astronomers have identified an ultra-massive white dwarf star resulting from the merger of two stars, rather than the evolution of a single star. This discovery, made possible by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, suggests that such white dwarf mergers may be more common than previously thought. The object, catalogued as WD0525 526, is located 126 light years away and is about 20% more massive than our Sun. Hubble's ultraviolet observations revealed carbon in its atmosphere, a sign of its violent origin, challenging previous assumptions about white dwarf formation.
China Tests Its New Manned Lunar Lander
In a significant milestone for lunar exploration, China has successfully conducted a test flight of its new manned lunar landing craft, named Lanyu. This test, which included a controlled landing and takeoff, marks a crucial step in China's ambitions to send taikonauts to the Moon by 2030. The Lanyu is designed to carry astronauts from lunar orbit to the surface and back, with plans for a permanent lunar base in collaboration with Russia in the early 2030s.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
PLOS One
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
NASA Hubble Space Telescope
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the latest revelations from the cosmos, featuring the intriguing interstellar comet 3I Atlas, a groundbreaking theory about our place in the universe, and the safe return of SpaceX Crew 10.
The Enigmatic Comet 3I Atlas
Astronomers utilizing NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have captured the sharpest images yet of the interstellar comet 3I Atlas, revealing a solid icy nucleus estimated to measure between 320 meters and 5.6 kilometers in diameter. This comet, traveling at a staggering 209,000 kilometers per hour, is believed to have been journeying through interstellar space for approximately 7 billion years. Observations from multiple telescopes are enhancing our understanding of this ancient visitor, including its size, chemical makeup, and physical properties. With a dust plume and tail reminiscent of solar system comets, 3I Atlas offers a unique glimpse into the history of our galaxy as it approaches the sun.
Earth's Position in a Cosmic Void
A new hypothesis suggests that Earth and the Milky Way may reside in a vast cosmic void rather than along a filament of the universe's cosmic web. This idea could help resolve the Hubble tension, a discrepancy in the rate of the universe's expansion. The study, presented at the Royal Astronomical Society's National Astronomy Conference, posits that our galaxy might be near the center of a local void, influencing the observed expansion rate of the universe. This intriguing concept challenges existing cosmological models and could reshape our understanding of cosmic structure.
Safe Return of SpaceX Crew 10
After five months aboard the International Space Station, SpaceX Crew 10 has safely returned to Earth. Their Dragon capsule splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean, marking the end of a mission that contributed to over 200 scientific experiments, ranging from plant growth studies to the effects of microgravity on human physiology. The crew's successful return paves the way for their replacements, Crew 11, to continue vital research in low Earth orbit.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
Royal Astronomical Society
https://ras.ac.uk/
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the latest astronomical marvels and pressing concerns in space science.
The Cosmic Horseshoe: A Supermassive Discovery
Astronomers have potentially identified the most massive supermassive black hole ever discovered, dubbed the Cosmic Horseshoe, which is estimated to be around 36 billion times the mass of our Sun. Located approximately 5 billion light years away, this colossal black hole distorts space-time and creates a stunning Einstein ring effect by gravitationally lensing light from distant galaxies. The measurement of its mass combines gravitational lensing and stellar kinematics, providing a rare glimpse into the formation and evolution of galaxies and their central black holes.
Possible New Planet in the Alpha Centauri System
Exciting news emerges from the Alpha Centauri star system, where astronomers may have discovered a new planet orbiting Alpha Centauri A, the closest star system to our own at just 4.25 light years away. Using data from NASA's Webb Space Telescope, researchers suggest this Saturn-sized gas giant could be located in the habitable zone of a sun-like star. While the planet's gaseous nature may not support life, its proximity offers a unique opportunity to study planetary systems beyond our own, challenging existing theories on planet formation in binary star systems.
The Satellite Proliferation Dilemma
As the number of satellites in Earth orbit continues to rise, astronomers are sounding alarms over the interference these satellites cause to vital scientific research. A study has highlighted the impact of Starlink's megaconstellation on radio astronomy, with significant radio emissions masking faint signals from the universe. This growing concern emphasizes the need for regulatory measures to mitigate interference and protect the integrity of astronomical observations.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
https://academic.oup.com/mnras
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
Astronomy and Astrophysics Journal
https://www.aanda.org/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we journey through the latest advancements in space exploration and cosmology, featuring a groundbreaking radar mission, a new hypothesis on the universe's origins, and updates on the International Space Station.
NISAR: A New Era in Earth Observation
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully launched the NISAR satellite, a joint mission with NASA that promises to revolutionise our understanding of Earth's dynamic systems. This advanced synthetic aperture radar satellite will monitor changes in forests, wetlands, and ice-covered surfaces with unprecedented detail, providing crucial data for disaster response, infrastructure management, and climate change studies. With its ability to see through clouds and operate day and night, NISAR will deliver vital insights into the planet's movements and environmental changes every 12 days, enhancing our preparedness for natural hazards.
A New Hypothesis on the Universe's Origins
In a significant shift in cosmological theory, scientists have proposed a new model that explains the universe's early moments without relying on speculative elements. This revolutionary hypothesis, reported in the journal Physical Review Research, suggests that natural quantum fluctuations in a state known as de Sitter space could account for the density differences that led to the formation of galaxies and stars. By eliminating arbitrary parameters, this model offers a clearer understanding of the cosmos and poses fundamental questions about our existence and origins.
Russia's Commitment to the International Space Station
In a surprising announcement, Russia has confirmed its intention to remain a partner in the International Space Station (ISS) project until at least 2028, despite previous threats to withdraw. This decision comes amid ongoing geopolitical tensions and technical challenges within the Russian segment of the ISS. As the global space community continues to evolve, Russia's commitment ensures continued collaboration in low Earth orbit, even as plans for an independent Russian space station progress.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review Research
https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/
NASA NISAR Mission
https://www.nasa.gov/nisar
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the cosmic drama unfolding in our universe, featuring a doomed exoplanet, new revelations about Mars, and the latest crew aboard the International Space Station.
The Death Spiral of TOI 2109b
Astronomers are closely monitoring the death spiral of TOI 2109b, an exoplanet located over 870 light-years away. This gas giant, nearly five times the mass of Jupiter, completes an orbit around its host star in just 16 hours, making it the closest hot Jupiter discovered to date. Researchers from Macquarie University have found that the planet's orbit is decaying, leading to three potential end scenarios: being torn apart by tidal forces, plunging into its host star, or losing its gaseous envelope to intense radiation. These findings provide valuable insights into planetary evolution and the fate of gas giants in close orbits.
New Insights into Mars's Ancient Surface
A recent study has identified a new type of iron sulfate on Mars, suggesting significant geothermal and chemical activity on the planet's surface. Researchers have characterized this uncommon mineral, which may represent a new type due to its unique crystalline structure. The discovery sheds light on how heat, water, and chemical reactions have shaped Mars, and indicates that the planet may have been more geologically active than previously thought. This research enhances our understanding of Mars's potential to have supported life in its past.
New Crew Arrives at the International Space Station
NASA has successfully delivered a new crew to the International Space Station aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule. The crew, consisting of two Americans, a Russian, and a Japanese astronaut, will replace colleagues who have been aboard since March. As NASA considers extending crew stays from six to eight months to reduce costs, the new team is set to contribute to ongoing research and operations in low Earth orbit.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/nature/
NASA's International Space Station
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is space Time Series 28, Episode 97 for broadcast on 13 August 2025
00:42 Astronomers are tracking the death spiral of a doomed planet more than 870 light years away
12:06 ToI 2109 is one of the most interesting systems that we've got
17:06 Scientists have identified a new type of iron sulfate on the Red Planet
23:47 NASA has delivered four new crew members to the International Space Station aboard SpaceX Dragon
25:10 New study claims consuming three fries a week increases risk of developing type 2 diabetes
26:13 Google about to offer AI study tools to college students for free
29:53 You've got to check for updates on all your Apple devices

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking discoveries and ambitious plans in the realm of space exploration.
The Most Distant Black Hole: Casper's Lidz 9
Astronomers have identified the most distant black hole ever observed, known as Casper's Lidz 9, dating back 13.3 billion years to a time when the universe was only half a billion years old. This supermassive black hole, weighing in at approximately 300 million solar masses, raises intriguing questions about its rapid growth in the early universe. The findings, published in the Astrophysical Journal, provide a unique opportunity to study the structure and evolution of galaxies during this enigmatic period, with implications for our understanding of black hole formation.
New Insights into Ancient Martian Water
Recent research suggests that Mars was even wetter than previously believed. A study presented at the Royal Astronomical Society's national meeting examined over 1500 kilometres of ancient riverbeds in the Nochesterra region, indicating that flowing water was widespread during the Noche and Hesperian transition around 3.7 billion years ago. These findings challenge existing theories about Mars's dry history and suggest a more complex and active planet, potentially providing a more hospitable environment for ancient life.
Nuclear Reactors for Moon and Mars Bases
The United States has unveiled plans to develop nuclear reactors to power future bases on the Moon and Mars, with the first plant expected to launch by the end of the decade. This initiative aims to support sustained human presence on these celestial bodies, addressing energy needs that solar power cannot fulfil. The reactors will provide essential electricity for life support, scientific equipment, and resource utilisation, marking a significant step in the ongoing space race.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
NASA's Artemis Program
https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover intriguing discoveries about Mars, the cosmos, and the latest advancements in space technology.
Martian Glaciers: Pure Water Ice
Recent research reveals that Martian glaciers are composed of over 80% pure water ice, challenging previous assumptions that they were primarily rocky. This groundbreaking study, led by Yuval Steinberg from the Weizmann Institute, utilized standardized measurements to analyze the dielectric properties of these glaciers, providing a clearer understanding of their composition. The findings not only enhance our knowledge of Martian geology but also have significant implications for future manned missions, as these glaciers could serve as vital water sources for astronauts.
Discovery of an Intermediate Mass Black Hole
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-Ray Observatory have identified a rare intermediate mass black hole, known as NGC6099HLX1, actively consuming a star. This black hole, located approximately 450 million light-years away, resides in a compact star cluster and exhibits extreme luminosity during its tidal disruption event. The discovery sheds light on the formation of black holes and their role in galactic evolution, providing crucial insights into the elusive intermediate mass category that bridges stellar and supermassive black holes.
United States Space Force's X37B Mission
The United States Space Force is gearing up for the eighth mission of its Boeing X37B space shuttle, set to launch from Cape Canaveral Space Force Base. This mission will test advanced technologies, including a high-bandwidth inter-satellite laser communications system and a cutting-edge quantum inertial sensor. The X37B's unique capabilities allow it to conduct classified operations while remaining difficult to track, highlighting its significance in modern space operations.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Icarus Journal
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/icarus
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
NASA Hubble Space Telescope
https://hubblesite.org/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore exciting new findings about our galaxy, the latest achievements of NASA's Mars Curiosity rover, and groundbreaking images of the Sun captured by the Parker Solar Probe.
Milky Way's Hidden Satellites
Recent research suggests that the Milky Way may host up to 100 previously undetected satellite galaxies. Using advanced supercomputer simulations and mathematical modeling, astronomers have identified the existence of these faint dwarf galaxies, which could provide crucial support for the Lambda cold dark matter model. Currently, only 60 companion galaxies are confirmed, but with new telescopes like the Vera Rubin Observatory, the search for these elusive satellites is set to expand, potentially reshaping our understanding of the universe's structure.
Curiosity Rover Reaches New Heights
NASA's Mars Curiosity rover has made significant progress in its exploration of Mount Sharp, revealing intricate geological formations known as boxwork. This unique terrain, shaped by ancient groundwater processes, offers valuable insights into the Red Planet's history. Curiosity has been utilizing its advanced instruments to analyze the composition of the Martian surface and conduct atmospheric observations, marking a new phase in its mission to uncover the secrets of Mars.
Parker Solar Probe's Record-Breaking Images
In a groundbreaking achievement, NASA's Parker Solar Probe has captured the closest images of the Sun ever taken. These stunning observations, made during a recent pass through the solar corona, are helping scientists understand solar phenomena and their impact on space weather. The high-resolution images reveal important details about the solar wind and coronal mass ejections, providing insights that could improve predictions of solar activity and protect technology on Earth.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
NASA Mars Curiosity Mission
https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/
Parker Solar Probe
https://www.nasa.gov/content/parker-solar-probe
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 New study says Milky Way could have far more satellite galaxies than previously thought
00:47 Our Milky Way galaxy could have more satellite galaxies surrounding it than previously predicted
05:37 NASA's Mars Curiosity rover reaches new heights exploring boxwork terrain on Mount Sharp
09:08 NASA's Parker Solar Probe captured stunning new images of the solar atmosphere
18:40 A new study warns that hail storms could hit Australian cities harder due to climate change

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into significant developments in space exploration, from Australia's latest rocket launch attempt to groundbreaking theories about the origins of life.
Australia's ERIS 1 Rocket Launch: A Learning Experience
In a dramatic turn of events, Gilmour Space's ERIS 1 rocket experienced a failure just seconds after liftoff, marking Australia's first orbital rocket launch in years. Despite the setback, CEO Adam Gilmour emphasizes the lessons learned from the test flight, which will inform the design and operation of future launches. The rocket's ascent was initially promising, but engine failures led to a crash shortly after clearing the launch tower. Fortunately, no injuries or environmental damage occurred, and the mission provided valuable data that will enhance the next attempt.
Life's Origins: A Cosmic Perspective
A new study suggests that the building blocks of life may have originated in outer space rather than on Earth. Using the ALMA radio telescope, astronomers detected complex organic molecules in the protoplanetary disk of the protostar UH V883 Orionis. These findings indicate that essential compounds, such as ethylene glycol and glycolonitrile, are not only present in various cosmic environments but may also be the precursors to amino acids and other vital biological components. This research supports the notion that the seeds of life are widespread throughout the universe.
Boeing's Starliner Delays Continue
Boeing's Starliner spacecraft faces further delays, now pushed back to at least 2026 before it can carry humans into space. Ongoing technical issues have plagued the project, including helium leaks and thruster control problems. NASA is working closely with Boeing to address these challenges, but the timeline for crewed missions remains uncertain as SpaceX continues to lead in transporting astronauts to the International Space Station.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
NASA's Commercial Crew Program
https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/index.html
Gilmour Space
https://gilmourspace.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 A new study says the evolution of life may well have origins in outer space
00:47 Gilmour Space's Ares 1 orbital rocket crashed two seconds after launch
10:37 A new study says the evolution of life may have origins in outer space
11:28 Astronomers find 17 complex organic molecules in distant planet forming disk
19:35 New study finds images can shape public opinion regardless of true facts
22:06 World Meteorological Organization says megaflash stretched 829km in 2017

In this episode of SpaceTime, we embark on a thrilling journey through the cosmos, exploring the potential for life on Mars, a remarkable discovery in the outer solar system, and the crucial mapping of sulfur throughout our galaxy.
Searching for Life on Mars
A new study reveals that thick layers of clay on Mars could indicate stable environments conducive to life billions of years ago. Researchers have identified that these clay deposits likely formed in standing bodies of water, providing the right conditions for chemical weathering and potentially supporting ancient life. The findings suggest that the balance between water and carbon cycles on Mars may explain the planet's geological history and the absence of carbonate rocks. Lead author Rhianna Moore discusses how these stable terrains could have fostered habitable conditions for extended periods, offering insights into the Red Planet's wet past.
Discovery of 2020 VN40: A Distant Cosmic Companion
Astronomers have discovered a rare celestial body, 2020 VN40, located far beyond Neptune, moving in perfect synchronicity with the ice giant. This trans-Neptunian object orbits the sun once for every ten orbits Neptune completes, providing new insights into the dynamics of the outer solar system. The discovery, reported in the Planetary Science journal, enhances our understanding of how distant objects interact with Neptune's gravity and offers clues about the solar system's evolution.
Mapping Sulfur in the Milky Way
A groundbreaking study has mapped the distribution of sulfur across the Milky Way, an essential element for life. Utilizing the CRISM X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy mission, scientists have directly measured sulfur in both its gaseous and solid forms within the interstellar medium. The findings shed light on sulfur's role in the cosmos and its potential implications for understanding life's distribution throughout the galaxy. This research marks a significant step in answering fundamental questions about the building blocks of life in the universe.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
Planetary Science Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2632-3338
CRISM Mission
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/overview/crism.html
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking revelations about dark energy, lunar geology, and Europe's innovative space weather monitoring initiative.
Dark Energy: A Changing Force?
Astronomers have compiled the largest supernova dataset to date, revealing tantalizing hints that dark energy may not be a constant force in the universe. This research, led by the International Supernova Cosmology Project, analyzes over 2,000 Type 1A supernovae to explore the evolving nature of dark energy, which currently comprises nearly 70% of the universe's mass-energy content. The findings suggest that if dark energy is weakening, it could significantly impact the universe's expansion and ultimate fate, challenging existing models and sparking excitement in the astrophysics community.
New Insights into Lunar Magma
A recent study analyzing samples from China's Chang' e 5 mission indicates that molten magma may have persisted on the Moon's surface much longer than previously believed. Researchers, led by Stephen Alado, utilized radioactive dating to reveal that volcanic activity on the lunar far side could have continued for billions of years, contradicting earlier theories about the Moon's cooling process. This new understanding of lunar geology offers valuable insights into the Moon's evolution and the processes that shape celestial bodies.
Europe's Space Weather Early Warning System
The European Space Agency is set to launch Vigil, a pioneering space weather probe, in 2031. Positioned at the Lagrangian L5 point, Vigil will provide unprecedented monitoring of solar activity, allowing for early warnings of solar storms that could disrupt communication systems and power grids on Earth. This mission aims to enhance our ability to predict and mitigate the impacts of space weather on modern infrastructure, marking a significant advancement in global space safety efforts.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
ESA Vigil Mission
https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Space_Weather/Vigil
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into the depths of cosmic mysteries and groundbreaking discoveries, including the enigmatic Long Period Transient and the stellar companion of Betelgeuse, alongside exciting findings from Mars.
Unraveling the Long Period Transient
Astronomers have uncovered a new cosmic phenomenon, ASCAP J1832-0911, which emits both radio and X-ray pulses every 44 minutes for just two minutes at a time. This first-ever detection of a Long Period Transient has left scientists puzzled about its nature and origins. Lead author Dr Andy Wang from Curtin University discusses the potential theories, including the possibility of a magnetar or a binary star system, while emphasizing the need for further observations to unravel this cosmic mystery.
Betelgeuse's Stellar Companion
In a remarkable discovery, astronomers have identified a stellar companion orbiting the red supergiant Betelgeuse. This pre-main sequence star, approximately one and a half times the mass of the Sun, resides within Betelgeuse's outer atmosphere. As Betelgeuse approaches the end of its life, this companion is also on a collision course with destiny, likely spiraling into Betelgeuse within the next 10,000 years. This finding could shed light on the periodic brightness changes observed in similar red supergiant stars.
Mars Perseverance Rover's New Discoveries
NASA's Perseverance Rover continues its exploration of Jezero Crater, uncovering unusual rock formations that may reveal significant geological history. The rover is investigating an intriguing contact area where clay-bearing units meet olivine-rich rocks, potentially preserving evidence of ancient intrusive processes. Despite challenges in studying these formations, mission managers remain determined to unlock the secrets they hold about Mars' past.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
NASA's Perseverance Rover Mission
https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 Space Time series 28 episode 90 for broadcast on 28 July 2025
00:47 Long Period Transient emitting radio and X ray pulses every 44 minutes
07:48 Astronomers have discovered what appears to be a companion star in binary orbit
12:30 NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover is continuing its exploration of Jetro Crater
15:00 New study links early smartphone use to poorer mental health later in life
17:39 There are new reports of Bigfoot activity in the Pacific Northwest state of Washington

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the latest cosmic revelations, including the astonishing discovery of an ancient interstellar comet, the intricate workings of a rare pulsar, and the safe return of the Axiom 4 crew from their mission.
Ancient Interstellar Comet 3I/Atlas
Astronomers have unveiled that the newly discovered interstellar object, 3I/Atlas, could be the oldest comet ever observed, potentially predating our solar system by over 3 billion years. This water-rich visitor, detected by NASA's ATLAS survey, is only the third known object from beyond our solar system to reach us. A study by Matthew Hopkins from Oxford University suggests that 3I/Atlas may be more than 7 billion years old, offering a glimpse into a part of the Milky Way previously unseen. As it approaches the sun, its activity is expected to increase, revealing more about its composition and the role ancient comets play in star and planetary formation.
Unraveling the Mysteries of a Rare Pulsar
In another exciting development, astronomers have made significant strides in understanding a unique pulsar system, PSRJ 1023 0038. This transitional millisecond pulsar, which interacts with a lower mass stellar companion, has been studied using data from NASA's Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). The findings suggest that the X-ray emissions originate from the pulsar wind rather than the accretion disk, challenging existing models and providing new insights into neutron star behavior and particle acceleration.
Axiom Space AX4 Crew Returns
The Axiom Space AX4 crew has successfully splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean after nearly three weeks aboard the International Space Station. This mission, part of NASA's efforts to promote commercial activities in space, included a diverse crew and numerous scientific experiments. With the return of the AX4 crew, preparations are underway for NASA's upcoming Crew 11 mission, further expanding humanity's presence in low Earth orbit.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
Journal of the American Medical Association
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 New interstellar object 3I/Atlas may be older than our solar system
06:44 Foreign astronomers have discovered new evidence Explaining how pulsing remnants interact in space
14:09 Private company Axiom Space's AX4 crew return safely to Earth
16:06 Having a higher body mass index from early childhood and adolescence is linked to aging
17:32 New study looked at which over the counter medicines are good at treating depression
18:43 Brazilian psychic issues chilling warning about dangers posed by artificial intelligence

This episode of SpaceTimeis brought to you with the support of Incognai - when your online privacy matters, Incogni's the service you need. Check out our special discount deal by visiting www.incogni.com/stuartgary
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into groundbreaking discoveries that reveal the impact of human activity on Earth, explore a new celestial body beyond Pluto, and prepare for Japan's upcoming Martian moon mission.
Human Development and Earth's Polar Shift
A recent study published in Geophysical Research Letters has confirmed that human development has caused a significant shift in Earth's spin axis. By constructing nearly 7,000 dams between 1835 and 2011, humans have redistributed the planet's mass, resulting in a total pole shift of about 1.13 meters. Lead author Natasha Valencic explains how this shift not only affects Earth's rotation but also contributes to a global drop in sea levels. The findings underscore the importance of considering water impoundment in future sea level rise calculations.
Discovery of a World Beyond Pluto
Astronomers have identified a small celestial object, designated 2023 KQ14, located beyond Pluto, potentially challenging the existence of the elusive Planet Nine. This discovery, detailed in Nature Astronomy, suggests that the outer solar system is more diverse than previously thought. With a stable orbit for over 4.5 billion years, 2023 KQ14's peculiar trajectory raises questions about the formation and evolution of distant solar system bodies, as well as the dynamics of gravitational influences in this remote region.
Japan's Martian Moon Sample Return Mission
Japan's aerospace exploration agency JAXA is set to launch the Martian Moons Exploration Mission (MMX) in 2026. This ambitious mission aims to land on Phobos, collect samples, and return them to Earth by 2031. The spacecraft will also conduct a flyby of Deimos while gathering crucial data to determine the origins of Mars' moons. With advanced scientific instruments onboard, the mission seeks to unravel the mysteries surrounding these small, potato-shaped moons and their relationship to the Red Planet's history.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Geophysical Research Letters
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19448007
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we tackle some of the most profound questions in science, including the mystery of why the universe exists, the potential for liquid water on Mars, and the birth of a new solar system.
Unraveling the Mystery of the Universe
Scientists have made significant strides in understanding the fundamental differences between matter and antimatter, a question that has puzzled humanity since the dawn of physics. The LHCB collaboration at CERN has provided compelling evidence of a mirror-like asymmetry in how baryons behave compared to their antimatter counterparts. This breakthrough could shed light on why our universe is predominantly composed of matter, despite the equal creation of matter and antimatter during the Big Bang. We delve into the implications of this discovery and its potential to unlock the secrets of the universe's existence.
Liquid Water on Mars: A New Possibility
A groundbreaking study suggests that liquid brines may form on the Martian surface, challenging the long-held belief that Mars is devoid of liquid water. Lead researcher Vincent Chevrea from the University of Arkansas discusses how meteorological data and advanced computer modeling indicate that brines could develop during specific seasonal windows. This finding opens new avenues for the search for life on Mars and highlights the importance of targeting these periods for future exploration.
Witnessing the Dawn of a New Solar System
Astronomers have made an unprecedented observation of a new solar system forming around the protostar HOPS 315, located 1300 light-years away. Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA), researchers have identified the very first specks of planet-forming material, marking a significant milestone in our understanding of solar system formation. This discovery not only provides insight into the processes that shaped our own solar system 4.6 billion years ago but also offers a unique opportunity to study planetary formation in real-time.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/nature
Journal of Communications Earth and Environment
https://www.nature.com/commsenv
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the latest discoveries in lunar geology, the intriguing concept of dark dwarves, and the stunning features of the Carina Nebula.
The Youngest Basaltic Lunar Meteorite
Scientists have uncovered a 2.35 billion-year-old lunar meteorite, Northwest Africa 16286, which fills a significant gap in our understanding of the Moon's volcanic history. This meteorite, distinct in its chemical profile, suggests that volcanic activity on the Moon persisted longer than previously thought, unveiling new insights into its internal heat generation processes. Lead author Joshua Snape from the University of Manchester explains how this rare sample enhances our knowledge of lunar geology without the costs associated with space missions.
Hypothetical Dark Dwarfs and Dark Matter
A new study proposes the existence of hypothetical objects called dark dwarves, which could help unravel the mystery of dark matter—an invisible substance that constitutes approximately 80% of the universe's mass. Researchers suggest that these low-mass objects could interact with dark matter in ways that produce observable effects, providing a potential pathway to understand this elusive component of the cosmos. The study highlights the importance of identifying markers, such as lithium-7, to confirm the existence of dark dwarfs and advance our understanding of dark matter.
Adaptive Optics and the Carina Nebula
Using adaptive optics, astronomers have achieved unprecedented clarity in imaging the western wall of the Carina Nebula, revealing intricate structures previously hidden by dust and gas. This breakthrough allows for a deeper investigation into star formation processes in this massive stellar nursery. The enhanced images showcase how massive young stars influence their surroundings and contribute to the cycle of stellar life, offering a glimpse into the conditions that may have shaped our own solar system.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
https://www.journalofcosmology.com/
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/nature
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 00:49 04:51 09:17 15:16 17:08

In this episode of SpaceTime, we unlock the secrets of the Moon's far side, explore the Sun's helicity barrier, and discuss the European Space Agency's advancements in orbital launch vehicles.
Extended Volcanism on the Moon's Far Side
Recent findings reveal that the Moon's far side has experienced extended volcanism for at least 1.4 billion years, with two significant volcanic phases occurring around 4.2 and 2.8 billion years ago. This research, stemming from samples collected by China's Chang' E6 mission, provides insights into the Moon's geological history and the asymmetry between its near and far sides. The study highlights the role of colossal impacts in shaping the Moon's interior and suggests uneven distribution of volatile elements.
Discovery of the Sun's Helicity Barrier
A groundbreaking study has identified a region of the Sun known as the helicity barrier, which plays a crucial role in heating and accelerating the solar wind. Observations from NASA's Parker Solar Probe have confirmed the existence of this barrier, providing insights into the mechanisms of turbulent dissipation and coronal heating. This discovery helps explain temperature anomalies in the solar atmosphere and enhances our understanding of space weather events that impact Earth.
European Space Agency's Launch Vehicle Developments
The European Space Agency has narrowed its list of potential candidates for future orbital launch vehicles. The selected companies will receive funding to develop their systems, aiming to increase competition and choice in European launch services. This initiative mirrors efforts by NASA in the U.S. to foster a diverse range of commercial launch providers, enhancing capabilities for future space missions.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/nature
Physical Review
https://journals.aps.org/pr/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

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In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into groundbreaking research that sheds light on Earth's ancient history, the formation of hot Jupiters, and the enigmatic climate of Mars.
Earth's Oldest Rocks Confirmed in Northern Canada
A recent study published in the journal Science confirms that the oldest rocks on Earth are located in northern Quebec, Canada, dating back 4.16 billion years. Lead author Jonathan Nally. from the University of Ottawa explains how this discovery provides a unique window into the Hadean Eon, offering insights into the early Earth's environment and the formation of its first continents. While the Jack Hills Range in Australia holds the oldest material of terrestrial origin, these Canadian rocks are pivotal in understanding Earth's formative years.
New Insights into Hot Jupiter Formation
We explore the intriguing case of CI Tau B, a hot Jupiter that orbits a young star just 450 light-years away. Researchers from Rice University and Lowell Observatory have utilized advanced spectroscopic techniques to analyze the planet's mass and brightness, revealing that it formed through a hot start mechanism rather than traditional models. This study provides a critical benchmark for understanding how giant planets can form rapidly in close proximity to their stars, challenging long-held assumptions in planetary science.
Was Mars Always Doomed to be a Desert?
A new hypothesis from the University of Chicago suggests that Mars was never meant to remain a warm, habitable planet. The study indicates that the planet's past liquid water periods were likely short-lived, driven by the Sun's gradual brightening. Unlike Earth, which has maintained its habitability, Mars appears to self-regulate towards desert conditions, raising questions about the mechanisms that have led to its current frozen state. The findings, published in Nature, build on previous discoveries by NASA's Curiosity rover and could reshape our understanding of Martian climate history.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science Journal
https://www.sciencemag.org/
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/nature
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore some of the most exciting recent discoveries in astronomy, including the largest Oort Cloud comet ever observed and remarkable achievements from NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover.
Comet C/2014 UN271 Bernardinelli-Bernstein: A Giant from the Oort Cloud
Astronomers have made a groundbreaking discovery by detecting molecular activity in Comet C/2014 UN271 Bernardinelli-Bernstein, the largest and most distant active comet ever observed. Originating from the Oort Cloud, this colossal comet measures nearly 140 km across, revealing complex jets of carbon monoxide gas and providing insight into its behavior far from the Sun. Observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile have confirmed its status as the largest known Oort Cloud comet, offering a rare glimpse into the chemistry and dynamics of these distant celestial objects.
Nasa's Perseverance Rover Sets New Distance Record
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has achieved a new milestone, traveling 411 meters in a single autonomous drive while exploring the Jezero Crater. This episode highlights the rover's innovative AUTONAV self-driving system and its 30th Abrasion Study of a Martian rock named Kenmore. The findings reveal significant mineral compositions, including clay minerals, iron, and magnesium, enhancing our understanding of Mars' geological history and potential past habitability.
Exoplanets Triggering Stellar Flares
Astronomers have discovered that certain exoplanets in close orbits around their host stars can trigger powerful stellar flares, leading to atmospheric erosion over time. This groundbreaking finding, reported in the journal Nature, demonstrates the interaction between planets and their stars in a way never before observed. The study, conducted using the European Space Agency's CHEOPS spacecraft, reveals that these energetic flares can significantly impact the evolution of the orbiting planets, providing new insights into the dynamics of stellar systems.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
NASA Perseverance Rover
https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/nature
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into the latest astronomical discoveries and the implications for future space exploration.
New Interstellar Visitor: Comet 3I Atlas
Astronomers have identified a new interstellar object, designated 3I Atlas, which is currently traversing our solar system. Discovered by NASA's ATLAS telescope in Chile, this comet is approximately 670 million kilometers away and poses no threat to Earth, as it will pass at a safe distance of 240 million kilometers. With a velocity exceeding 51 kilometers per second, 3I Atlas is only the third confirmed interstellar visitor, following the enigmatic Oumuamua and the more familiar comet 2I/Borisov. As observations continue, scientists are eager to learn more about its origins and characteristics.
China's Ambitious Mars Sample Return Mission
Speculation is mounting that China may outpace the U.S. and Europe in the race to return the first samples from Mars. The recently announced Tianwen 3 mission aims to collect Martian samples and bring them back to Earth for detailed analysis, potentially revealing whether life ever existed on the Red Planet. This mission follows China's successful deployment of the Zhurong rover and highlights the ongoing competition in space exploration. Scientists will need to target specific locations on Mars to collect samples that could provide insights into the planet's past habitability.
Vera C Rubin Observatory's Stunning First Images
Astronomers are thrilled by the first images released by the Vera C Rubin Observatory, which features an 8.4-meter telescope and a 3,200-megapixel camera. This observatory is set to conduct the world's largest sky survey over the next decade, generating an astonishing 20 terabytes of data each night. The Legacy Survey of Space and Time will provide unprecedented insights into cosmic phenomena, including asteroids, supernovae, and the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy. Australian astronomers are collaborating in this global effort, processing and analyzing the vast amounts of data generated.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
NASA ATLAS
https://www.nasa.gov/
China's Tianwen 3 Mission
https://www.space.com/china-mars-sample-return-tianwen-3
Vera C Rubin Observatory
https://www.lsst.org/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover remarkable insights into Mars, Mercury, and the latest developments in space exploration.
Hidden Martian Volcano: Jezero Mons
Scientists have identified a previously overlooked volcano, Jezero Mons, located on the rim of Jezero Crater, where NASA's Perseverance rover is actively collecting samples. This discovery could provide vital clues about Mars' volcanic history and habitability, suggesting that the region may have supported life due to the interplay of volcanic heat and water. The findings, published in Communications Earth and Environment, highlight the need for further exploration of Mars' geology, as volcanism plays a crucial role in understanding the planet's past.
Tidal Forces Shaping Mercury's Cliffs
A new study published in Geophysical Research Planets proposes that tidal forces from the Sun may have contributed to the deformation of Mercury's towering cliffs. Traditionally attributed to cooling and contraction, this research indicates that the planet's unique orbital dynamics could also influence its geological features. The BepiColombo mission, scheduled to arrive at Mercury next year, aims to gather data that could validate these findings and enhance our understanding of the planet's evolution over billions of years.
Axiom Space's AX4 Mission Arrives at the ISS
The Axiom Space AX4 mission has successfully docked at the International Space Station for a 14-day stay. This mission, featuring a diverse international crew, aims to conduct over 60 scientific and commercial experiments, furthering Axiom's goal of establishing a private space station in low Earth orbit. Despite facing multiple delays, the mission underscores the growing role of private companies in space exploration.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Communications Earth and Environment
https://www.nature.com/commsenv/
Geophysical Research Planets
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/24701343
Axiom Space
https://www.axiomspace.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

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In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the latest discoveries and research that are reshaping our understanding of Mars and the effects of solar activity on planetary climates.
Curiosity Rover's New Martian Rock Samples
NASA's Mars Curiosity rover has drilled into a new region of Martian rock, revealing intriguing features that may provide insights into whether the planet ever had conditions suitable for life. The rover's findings include unique boxwork patterns formed by groundwater, suggesting that even as Mars dried up, water was still present below the surface. As Curiosity ascends Mount Sharp, scientists are eager to understand the implications of these patterns and the mineral cements involved, which may hold clues to Mars' climatic history and the potential for ancient microbial life.
Solar Flares and Weather Patterns
A groundbreaking study published in the Astronomical Journal has uncovered a connection between solar flares and short-term changes in weather patterns on exoplanets. Researchers found that flares from a planet's host star can cause measurable climate shifts within days, highlighting the importance of solar activity in modulating atmospheric behavior. This research not only enhances our understanding of exoplanet habitability but also suggests that solar variability may influence weather systems on Earth, particularly in volatile regions.
Nasa's In-Flight Imagery Project
NASA's Scientifically Calibrated in Flight Imagery (SCIFLI) team is set to gather vital data during the reentry of a European aerospace company's demonstration capsule. Utilizing advanced instruments, including a spectrometer and high-definition telescope, SCIFLI aims to capture real-time performance data that will refine computational models for future space missions. This mission highlights the importance of empirical data in enhancing safety and performance for crewed and robotic space exploration.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astronomical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-3881
NASA Curiosity Rover
https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/
NASA SCIFLI Team
https://www.nasa.gov/langley/scifli
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

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Parker Solar Probe's Historic Close Approach to the Sun
NASA's Parker Solar Probe has achieved a remarkable milestone, completing its 24th close flyby of the Sun at a record distance of just 6.2 million kilometers from the solar surface. During this encounter, the probe reached speeds of 687,000 kilometers per hour, gathering invaluable data on solar wind and solar activity as the Sun approaches its solar maximum. The mission aims to deepen our understanding of the Sun's behavior and its impact on space weather, which can affect technology and human activities on Earth.
Deep Earth Pulses: A New Ocean in the Making
Scientists have detected rhythmic surges of molten rock rising from deep within the Earth beneath Africa, revealing a dynamic mantle plume that is gradually tearing the continent apart. This groundbreaking research, published in Nature Geoscience, indicates that the Afar region is experiencing the birth of a new ocean basin due to the interaction between tectonic plates and the pulsing mantle below. The study highlights the complex relationship between the Earth's interior and surface processes, offering new insights into volcanic activity and continental breakup.
Aeris Rocket Launch Window Opens
Mission managers at Gilmour Space are preparing for the opening of a new launch window for their Ares orbital rocket's first test flight, set to begin tomorrow. Following earlier technical issues, the team is closely monitoring weather conditions as they aim to launch the first all-Australian designed and built launch vehicle since the 1970s. With ambitious plans for future versions capable of carrying heavier payloads, this test flight marks a significant step in Australia's growing space industry.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Geoscience
https://www.nature.com/naturegeoscience/
NASA Parker Solar Probe
https://www.nasa.gov/content/parker-solar-probe
Gilmour Space
https://gilmourspace.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into fascinating connections between Earth's atmospheric conditions and its magnetic field, alongside intriguing insights into Mercury and the mysteries of the Sun's corona.
Link Between Earth's Oxygen and Magnetic Field
A groundbreaking study published in Science Advances reveals a correlation between the fluctuations of Earth's magnetic field and atmospheric oxygen levels over the last 540 million years. Researchers suggest that processes within the Earth might influence habitability on the surface, highlighting the magnetic field's role in protecting our atmosphere from cosmic rays and solar wind. This correlation raises questions about the underlying processes linking these two critical elements for life on Earth.
Unraveling Mercury's Secrets
New findings indicate that Mercury's crust and internal structure are unlike any other planet in our solar system. Laboratory simulations are aiding the European-Japanese BepiColombo mission, set to orbit Mercury in November 2026. Researchers are investigating why Mercury's core constitutes 60% of its volume, exploring theories about its metal-rich composition and volcanic history. The study emphasizes the need for more data to understand Mercury's unique characteristics and geological processes.
The Ongoing Mystery of the Sun's Corona
Despite advancements in solar research, the heating of the Sun's corona remains a significant puzzle. Observations from NASA's IRIS mission and other spacecraft are shedding light on potential mechanisms, including magnetic reconnection and plasma waves. These studies are revealing the complexity of the solar atmosphere and could help scientists understand how energy is transferred from the Sun's surface to its outer layers.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
NASA IRIS Mission
https://iris.lmsal.com/
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 77 for broadcast on 27 June 2025
01:00 Link between Earth's oxygen and magnetic field
12:15 Unraveling Mercury's secrets
22:30 The ongoing mystery of the Sun's corona
30:00 Science report: Changing seasonal rhythms and their impact on ecosystems

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover significant advancements in our understanding of the universe and ongoing developments in space exploration.
Astronomers Find the Universe's Missing Matter
A groundbreaking study reveals that the universe's elusive normal matter is concealed within hot intergalactic gas filaments. This discovery, detailed in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, identifies a massive filament of gas, ten times the mass of the Milky Way, connecting four galaxy clusters. Utilizing the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton and JAXA's Suzaku X-ray space telescopes, researchers have successfully characterized this filament, providing crucial insights into the cosmic web's structure and supporting existing models of the universe.
Concerns Grow Over Leaks Aboard the International Space Station
Fresh concerns regarding leaks aboard the International Space Station have led to delays in the SpaceX Axiom Spaceflight 4 mission. NASA is closely monitoring cabin pressure in the Russian segment of the station, where ongoing structural issues have been identified. Despite recent repairs, the situation remains a top safety priority as astronauts prepare for their upcoming mission.
European Space Agency's Mars Rover Progress
The European Space Agency's ExoMars rover, Rosalind Franklin, is back on track to land on Mars in 2028, seven years later than originally planned. This mission aims to search for signs of past life on the Red Planet and investigate its geochemical environment. With new funding and NASA's agreement to provide launch services, the Rosalind Franklin rover is undergoing final tests to ensure its success on the Martian surface.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 76 for broadcast on 25 June 2025
01:00 Astronomers find the universe's missing matter
12:15 Concerns grow over leaks aboard the International Space Station
22:30 European Space Agency's Mars rover progress
30:00 Science report: New insights into conversion therapy and health impacts

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore some of the most recent and intriguing developments in space exploration and cosmic phenomena.
Starship's Latest Test Flight Ends in Explosion
SpaceX faces another setback as its 10th Starship test flight ended in a massive explosion at the Massey test stand in Boca Chica, Texas. The incident occurred just minutes before a planned static fire test of the upper stage. We discuss the details of the explosion, including early indications of a cryogenic methane leak and the implications for SpaceX's ambitious goals of interplanetary transport.
A Cosmic Anomaly and Its Frightening Implications for Earth
A newly discovered cosmic anomaly challenges our understanding of galaxy evolution. A distant spiral galaxy, housing a supermassive black hole billions of times the mass of the Sun, is emitting colossal radio jets stretching over 6 million light years. This finding raises alarming questions about the potential future of our own Milky Way and the dangers posed by similar jets originating from Sagittarius A, our galaxy's supermassive black hole. We delve into the study's findings and their implications for life on Earth.
New Insights into Neutron Stars
A groundbreaking study has provided new insights into the birth masses of neutron stars, revealing that they typically form with a mass around 1.3 times that of our Sun. Using advanced modeling techniques, researchers analyzed a sample of neutron stars in binary systems to understand their formation history better. This research opens up new avenues for interpreting gravitational wave detections and understanding the lifecycle of massive stars.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
https://academic.oup.com/mnras
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 75 for broadcast on 23 June 2025
01:00 Starship's latest test flight ends in explosion
12:15 A cosmic anomaly and its frightening implications for Earth
22:30 New insights into neutron stars
30:00 Science report: Cannabis use linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking discoveries and innovative advancements in the realm of space and planetary science.
Record-Breaking Cosmic Structure Discovered
Astronomers have imaged an unprecedented cosmic structure, a massive cloud of energetic particles surrounding a galaxy cluster that spans nearly 200 million light years. This remarkable finding, presented at the 246th meeting of the American Astronomical Society, challenges existing theories about particle energization, suggesting that giant shock waves and turbulence are at play rather than nearby galaxies. We delve into the implications of this discovery for our understanding of cosmic magnetic fields and the dynamics of galaxy clusters.
A New Approach to Building Mars
A recent study has revealed a novel method for planetary core formation, suggesting that molten sulfide rather than metal could create a core in rocky planets like Mars. This research, published in Nature Communications, offers fresh insights into the early evolution of terrestrial worlds, particularly in sulfur-rich environments. We discuss how this finding could reshape our understanding of Mars's geochemical timeline and its core formation process.
High-Performance Infrared Nano Antennas
Scientists have developed innovative gold nano antennas that significantly enhance the capabilities of thermal infrared cameras, improving image quality and sensitivity. This advancement, led by researchers at Sandia National Laboratories, allows for clearer observations of thermal infrared radiation, with applications ranging from astronomy to national security. We explore the technology behind these nano antennas and their potential impact on various fields.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
American Astronomical Society
https://aas.org/
Sandia National Laboratories
https://www.sandia.gov/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 74 for broadcast on 20 June 2025
01:00 Record-breaking cosmic structure discovered
12:15 A new approach to building Mars
22:30 High-performance infrared nano antennas
30:00 Science report: New dinosaur species discovered

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the latest astronomical discoveries and advancements in space exploration.
Solar Orbiter's Unprecedented Views of the Sun's South Pole
For the first time, astronomers have captured detailed observations of the Sun's south pole thanks to the joint NASA/ESA Solar Orbiter spacecraft. This mission provides insights into the Sun's magnetic field dynamics and its role in the solar cycle, including the current solar maximum, which is marked by increased solar activity and spectacular auroras visible at lower latitudes than usual. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of solar physics and space weather.
Surprising Discoveries on the Moons of Uranus
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has revealed unexpected surface characteristics of Uranus's largest moons. Contrary to predictions, the leading sides of these moons showed signs of darkening, challenging previous theories about the interactions between the moons and Uranus's magnetosphere. We explore the significance of these observations and what they suggest about the complex relationship between Uranus and its satellites.
Europe's Ariane 6 Rocket Prepares for Its Third Launch
The European Space Agency is gearing up for the third flight of its new Ariane 6 rocket, set to launch a meteorological satellite into orbit. We provide an overview of the Ariane 6's design advancements, its performance in previous launches, and how it enhances Europe's independent access to space. This rocket represents a significant step forward in European space capabilities.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
NASA Solar Orbiter
https://www.nasa.gov/solarorbiter
Hubble Space Telescope
https://hubblesite.org/
Ariane 6 Launch Details
https://www.arianespace.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 73 for broadcast on 18 June 2025
01:00 Solar Orbiter's unprecedented views of the Sun's south pole
12:15 Surprising discoveries on the moons of Uranus
22:30 Europe's Ariane 6 rocket prepares for its third launch
30:00 Science report: New insights into the Dead Sea Scrolls and autism research