Lex Fridman Podcast

Anthony Kaldellis is a historian of the Roman Empire and author of “The New Roman Empire”, a comprehensive history of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).
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See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/anthony-kaldellis-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
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Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
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Anthony’s Books: https://amzn.to/49AX7Q1
Anthony’s Publications: https://kaldellispublications.weebly.com
Anthony’s University of Chicago page: https://classics.uchicago.edu/people/anthony-kaldellis
The New Roman Empire (book): https://amzn.to/3PTFTqk
Streams of Gold (book): https://amzn.to/4fgRMRq
Byzantium & Friends Podcast: https://byzantiumandfriends.podbean.com/
The History of Byzantium Podcast: https://thehistoryofbyzantium.com/SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.
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BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
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LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
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Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:11) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:45) – The Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire
(12:42) – 2,200 Years of Roman History
(33:06) – Power, violence, and civil war
(54:20) – Edict of Caracalla
(1:07:17) – Crisis of the Third Century
(1:21:45) – Constantine and the new Roman Empire
(1:33:46) – Christianity in the Roman Empire
(1:59:14) – Fall of the Western Roman Empire
(2:12:11) – Eunuchs, Taxes, and Power
(2:37:17) – Emperor Justinian and wars of conquest
(2:54:19) – The Arab conquests
(3:13:55) – Why the Roman empire survived so long
(3:40:01) – Lessons from history PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Don Lincoln is a particle physicist at Fermilab who has spent decades working at the frontiers of high energy physics.
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See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
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Don’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/Dr.Don.Lincoln/
Don’s Website: https://drdonlincoln.com/
Don’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4nHeNiF
Don’s YouTube Playlist: https://bit.ly/3PCIW67
Don’s X: https://x.com/DrDonLincoln
Don’s Books: https://amzn.to/4uYbkOZ
Don’s Great Courses: https://shop.thegreatcourses.com/don-lincoln
Don’s Audible: https://adbl.co/4wGioRV
Fermilab’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/fermilab
Fermilab’s Website: https://www.fnal.gov/
Fermilab’s X: https://x.com/fermilabSPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.
Go to https://upwork.com/lex
Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.
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Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:52) – Unifying the laws of nature
(23:23) – Einstein, special relativity, and general relativity
(40:31) – Electroweak force
(52:13) – How particle colliders work
(1:10:16) – Higgs boson discovery
(1:20:35) – Theory of everything
(1:50:20) – Physics of empty space
(1:57:45) – Antimatter
(2:18:35) – Dark energy
(2:22:23) – Dark matter
(2:50:59) – Future of physics PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Jean-Baptiste Kempf is lead developer of VLC and president of VideoLAN. Kieran Kunhya is a longtime FFmpeg contributor, codec engineer, and the person behind the now-infamous FFmpeg account on X.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep496-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ffmpeg-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
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Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contactEPISODE LINKS:
FFmpeg on X: https://x.com/FFmpeg
FFmpeg: https://ffmpeg.org/
VideoLAN (VLC): https://www.videolan.org/
VideoLAN on X: https://x.com/videolan
Jean-Baptiste’s Website: https://jbkempf.com/
Jean-Baptiste’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jbkempf/
Jean-Baptiste’s GitHub: https://github.com/jbkempf
Kieran’s X: https://x.com/kierank_
Kieran’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3OORhmC
Kieran’s GitHub: https://github.com/kierankSPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.
Go to https://larridin.com
Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases.
Go to https://blitzy.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:48) – Weirdest things VLC opens
(15:12) – How video playback works
(24:33) – Video codecs and containers
(35:20) – FFmpeg explained
(56:20) – Linus Torvalds
(1:00:59) – Turning down millions to keep VLC ad-free
(1:15:17) – FFmpeg & Google drama
(1:34:31) – FFmpeg developers
(1:41:08) – VLC and FFmpeg
(1:45:42) – History of FFmpeg
(1:48:59) – Reverse engineering codecs
(2:02:14) – FFmpeg testing
(2:06:21) – Assembly code (handwritten)
(2:30:39) – Rust programming language
(2:39:55) – FFmpeg and Libav fork
(2:48:17) – Open source burnout
(2:56:04) – x264 and internet video
(3:09:20) – Video compression basics
(3:16:17) – CIA and fake VLC
(3:26:52) – Ultra low latency streaming
(3:44:20) – AV2 codec and video patents
(3:54:12) – VLC backdoors
(4:04:27) – Video archiving
(4:11:04) – Future of FFmpeg and VLC

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Lars Brownworth is a historian, teacher, podcaster, and author specializing in Viking history, medieval Europe, and the Byzantine Empire.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep495-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/lars-brownworth-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contactEPISODE LINKS:
Lars’s Website: https://larsbrownworth.com/
The Sea Wolves (book): https://www.amazon.com/Sea-Wolves-History-Vikings/dp/1909979120
Lars’s Books: https://amzn.to/4sHY0xw
12 Byzantine Rulers Podcast : https://12byzantinerulers.com/
Norman Centuries Podcast: https://apple.co/4sgSxNiSPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.
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BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:03) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:57) – The start of the Viking Age
(18:50) – Viking military strategy, tactics & technology
(32:33) – Ragnar Lothbrok
(42:00) – The Great Heathen Army
(46:42) – Rollo and Normandy
(56:54) – Viking religion and Valhalla
(1:07:25) – Viking explorers
(1:12:33) – Vikings in North America
(1:25:55) – Vikings in the East
(1:45:33) – Byzantine Empire
(1:54:17) – History and human nature PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Jensen Huang is the co-founder and CEO of NVIDIA, the world’s most valuable company and the engine powering the AI computing revolution.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep494-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/jensen-huang-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contactEPISODE LINKS:
NVIDIA: https://nvidia.com
NVIDIA on X: https://x.com/nvidia
NVIDIA AI on X: https://x.com/NVIDIAAI
NVIDIA on YouTube: https://youtube.com/@nvidia
NVIDIA on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nvidia/
NVIDIA on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/nvidia/
NVIDIA on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NVIDIA/
NVIDIA on GitHub: https://github.com/NVIDIA
Nemotron: https://developer.nvidia.com/nemotronSPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Quo: Phone system (calls, texts, contacts) for businesses.
Go to https://quo.com/lexOUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:26) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(06:34) – Extreme co-design and rack-scale engineering
(09:20) – How Jensen runs NVIDIA
(28:41) – AI scaling laws
(43:41) – Biggest blockers to AI scaling laws
(45:25) – Supply chain
(47:20) – Memory
(53:25) – Power
(58:45) – Elon and Colossus
(1:02:13) – Jensen’s approach to engineering and leadership
(1:07:38) – China
(1:15:51) – TSMC and Taiwan
(1:21:06) – NVIDIA’s moat
(1:26:43) – AI data centers in space
(1:30:31) – Will NVIDIA be worth $10 trillion?
(1:40:40) – Leadership under pressure
(1:54:26) – Video games
(2:01:18) – AGI timeline
(2:03:31) – Future of programming
(2:17:02) – Consciousness
(2:23:23) – Mortality PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Jeff Kaplan is a legendary Blizzard game designer of World of Warcraft and Overwatch, now preparing to launch a new game, The Legend of California, from his new studio Kintsugiyama – available to wishlist on Steam today, with alpha later in March.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep493-sc
See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contactEPISODE LINKS:
The Legend of California (Steam Page): https://store.steampowered.com/app/2550530/The_Legend_of_California
Jeff’s Game Studio: https://www.kintsugiyama.com/SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases.
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BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
CodeRabbit: AI-powered code reviews.
Go to https://coderabbit.ai/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(02:24) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:47) – Early games: Pac-Man, Zork, Doom, Quake
(25:12) – Writing career – 170 rejection letters
(40:45) – EverQuest obsession
(53:43) – Getting hired at Blizzard
(1:09:11) – Lowest point in Jeff’s life
(1:15:16) – One of Us
(1:19:33) – Early Blizzard culture
(1:39:15) – Building World of Warcraft
(1:56:59) – How WoW changed video games
(2:14:21) – Single-player vs Multi-player
(2:35:15) – How Blizzard made great video games
(3:01:04) – Online toxicity
(3:08:38) – Why Titan failed
(3:25:48) – Overwatch in six weeks
(3:52:46) – Best Overwatch heroes
(4:01:16) – The challenge of matchmaking
(4:04:40) – Rust
(4:15:01) – Why Jeff left Blizzard
(4:37:14) – Diablo IV
(4:38:42) – Getting back to making video games
(4:47:38) – The Legend of California
(5:01:23) – Greatest video game of all time
(5:09:30) – AI and future of video games PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Rick Beato is a music educator, interviewer, producer, songwriter, and a true multi-instrument musician, playing guitar, bass, cello & piano. His incredible YouTube channel celebrates great musicians & musical ideas, and helps millions of people fall in love with great music all over again.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep492-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/rick-beato-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contactEPISODE LINKS:
Rick’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/RickBeato
Rick’s X: https://x.com/rickbeato
Rick’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/rickbeato1
Rick’s Website: https://rickbeato.com
Rick’s Ear Training: https://beatoeartraining.com
The Beato Book: https://beatobook.comSPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics.
Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:28) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:17) – Guitar solos
(13:16) – Gypsy jazz and Django Reinhardt
(14:48) – Bebop jazz
(19:00) – Perfect pitch vs relative pitch
(23:37) – Learning to play guitar
(47:08) – Miles Davis
(52:34) – Bass guitar
(53:41) – Greatest guitar solos of all time
(1:22:56) – 27 Club
(1:27:37) – Elton John
(1:30:51) – Metallica
(1:35:21) – Tom Waits
(1:41:12) – Greatest rock stars
(1:44:35) – Beethoven
(1:51:10) – Bach
(1:54:01) – AI in music
(2:07:52) – Sabrina Carpenter
(2:11:23) – YouTube copyright strikes
(2:16:59) – Spotify
(2:27:51) – Guitars
(2:32:13) – Advice PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Peter Steinberger is the creator of OpenClaw, an open-source AI agent framework that’s the fastest-growing project in GitHub history.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep491-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/peter-steinberger-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contactEPISODE LINKS:
Peter’s X: https://x.com/steipete
Peter’s GitHub: https://github.com/steipete
Peter’s Website: https://steipete.com
Peter’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/steipete
OpenClaw Website: https://openclaw.ai
OpenClaw GitHub: https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw
OpenClaw Discord: https://discord.gg/openclawSPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/
Quo: Phone system (calls, texts, contacts) for businesses.
Go to https://quo.com/lex
CodeRabbit: AI-powered code reviews.
Go to https://coderabbit.ai/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases.
Go to https://blitzy.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lexOUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:51) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(15:29) – OpenClaw origin story
(18:48) – Mind-blowing moment
(28:15) – Why OpenClaw went viral
(32:12) – Self-modifying AI agent
(36:57) – Name-change drama
(54:07) – Moltbook saga
(1:02:26) – OpenClaw security concerns
(1:11:07) – How to code with AI agents
(1:42:02) – Programming setup
(1:48:45) – GPT Codex 5.3 vs Claude Opus 4.6
(1:57:52) – Best AI agent for programming
(2:19:52) – Life story and career advice
(2:23:49) – Money and happiness
(2:27:41) – Acquisition offers from OpenAI and Meta
(2:44:51) – How OpenClaw works
(2:56:09) – AI slop
(3:02:13) – AI agents will replace 80% of apps
(3:10:50) – Will AI replace programmers?
(3:22:50) – Future of OpenClaw community

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Nathan Lambert and Sebastian Raschka are machine learning researchers, engineers, and educators. Nathan is the post-training lead at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of The RLHF Book. Sebastian Raschka is the author of Build a Large Language Model (From Scratch) and Build a Reasoning Model (From Scratch).
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep490-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ai-sota-2026-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contactSPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Box: Intelligent content management platform.
Go to https://box.com/ai
Quo: Phone system (calls, texts, contacts) for businesses.
Go to https://quo.com/lex
UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics.
Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
CodeRabbit: AI-powered code reviews.
Go to https://coderabbit.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
Go to https://perplexity.ai/OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:39) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(16:29) – China vs US: Who wins the AI race?
(25:11) – ChatGPT vs Claude vs Gemini vs Grok: Who is winning?
(36:11) – Best AI for coding
(43:02) – Open Source vs Closed Source LLMs
(54:41) – Transformers: Evolution of LLMs since 2019
(1:02:38) – AI Scaling Laws: Are they dead or still holding?
(1:18:45) – How AI is trained: Pre-training, Mid-training, and Post-training
(1:51:51) – Post-training explained: Exciting new research directions in LLMs
(2:12:43) – Advice for beginners on how to get into AI development & research
(2:35:36) – Work culture in AI (72+ hour weeks)
(2:39:22) – Silicon Valley bubble
(2:43:19) – Text diffusion models and other new research directions
(2:49:01) – Tool use
(2:53:17) – Continual learning
(2:58:39) – Long context
(3:04:54) – Robotics
(3:14:04) – Timeline to AGI
(3:21:20) – Will AI replace programmers?
(3:39:51) – Is the dream of AGI dying?
(3:46:40) – How AI will make money?
(3:51:02) – Big acquisitions in 2026
(3:55:34) – Future of OpenAI, Anthropic, Google DeepMind, xAI, Meta
(4:08:08) – Manhattan Project for AI
(4:14:42) – Future of NVIDIA, GPUs, and AI compute clusters
(4:22:48) – Future of human civilization

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Paul Rosolie is a naturalist, explorer, author of a new book titled Junglekeeper, and is someone who has dedicated his life to protecting the Amazon rainforest.
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https://lexfridman.com/paul-rosolie-3-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
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Junglekeeper (new book): https://amzn.to/4q7vpAp
Paul’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/paulrosolie
Junglekeepers Website: https://junglekeepers.org
Paul’s Website: https://paulrosolie.com
Mother of God (book): https://amzn.to/3ww2ob1SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(02:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(12:00) – Uncontacted tribes in the Amazon Jungle
(19:46) – Intense new encounter
(42:52) – Never-before-seen footage of tribe warriors
(56:08) – The mysteries of the jungle
(1:10:43) – Tribe’s diet: Monkeys, turtles, and turtle eggs
(1:20:19) – Jane Goodall
(1:26:31) – Advice for young people
(1:35:45) – Cartel, Narco-traffickers & assassination attempts
(1:57:45) – Climbing the giant tree
(2:08:43) – Giant anaconda
(2:26:01) – Rescuing a spider monkey
(2:32:05) – Dangerous animal encounters
(2:42:13) – Writing, journaling, and great writer inspirations PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Joel David Hamkins is a mathematician and philosopher specializing in set theory, the foundations of mathematics, and the nature of infinity, and he’s the #1 highest-rated user on MathOverflow. He is also the author of several books, including Proof and the Art of Mathematics and Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics. And he has a great blog called Infinitely More.
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https://lexfridman.com/joel-david-hamkins-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
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Joel’s X: https://x.com/JDHamkins
Joel’s Website: https://jdh.hamkins.org
Joel’s Substack: https://www.infinitelymore.xyz
Joel’s MathOverflow: https://mathoverflow.net/users/1946/joel-david-hamkins
Joel’s Papers: https://jdh.hamkins.org/publications
Joel’s Books:
Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics: https://amzn.to/3MThaAt
Proof and the Art of Mathematics: https://amzn.to/3YACc9ASPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(01:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(15:40) – Infinity & paradoxes
(1:02:50) – Russell’s paradox
(1:15:57) – Gödel’s incompleteness theorems
(1:33:28) – Truth vs proof
(1:44:52) – The Halting Problem
(2:00:45) – Does infinity exist?
(2:18:19) – MathOverflow
(2:22:12) – The Continuum Hypothesis
(2:31:58) – Hardest problems in mathematics
(2:41:25) – Mathematical multiverse
(3:00:18) – Surreal numbers
(3:10:55) – Conway’s Game of Life
(3:13:11) – Computability theory
(3:23:04) – P vs NP
(3:26:21) – Greatest mathematicians in history
(3:40:05) – Infinite chess
(3:58:24) – Most beautiful idea in mathematics

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Irving Finkel is a scholar of ancient languages and a longtime curator at the British Museum, renowned for his expertise in Mesopotamian history and cuneiform writing. He specializes in reading and interpreting cuneiform inscriptions, including tablets from Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian contexts. He became widely known for studying a tablet with a Mesopotamian flood story that predates the biblical Noah narrative, which he presented in his book “The Ark Before Noah” and in a documentary that involved building a circular ark based on the tablet’s technical instructions.
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Irving’s Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drirvingfinkel/
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Irving Lectures Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYXwZvOwHjVcFUi9iEqirkXRaCUJdXGha
British Museum Video Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0LQM0SAx603A6p5EJ9DVcESqQReT7QyK
British Museum Website: https://www.britishmuseum.org/
The Great Diary Project: https://thegreatdiaryproject.co.uk/SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:43) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:53) – Origins of human language
(15:59) – Cuneiform
(23:12) – Controversial theory about Göbekli Tepe
(34:23) – How to write and speak Cuneiform
(39:42) – Primitive human language
(41:26) – Development of writing systems
(42:20) – Decipherment of Cuneiform
(54:51) – Limits of language
(59:51) – Art of translation
(1:05:01) – Gods
(1:10:25) – Ghosts
(1:20:13) – Ancient flood stories
(1:30:21) – Noah’s Ark
(1:41:44) – The Royal Game of Ur
(1:54:43) – British Museum
(2:02:08) – Evolution of human civilization

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Michael Levin is a biologist at Tufts University working on novel ways to understand and control complex pattern formation in biological systems.
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https://lexfridman.com/michael-levin-2-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
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Michael Levin’s X: https://x.com/drmichaellevin
Michael Levin’s Website: https://drmichaellevin.org
Michael Levin’s Papers: https://drmichaellevin.org/publications/
– Biological Robots: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.00880
– Classical Sorting Algorithms: https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05375
– Aging as a Morphostasis Defect: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38636560/
– TAME: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.10346
– Synthetic Living Machines: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.abf1571SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:09) – Biological intelligence
(18:42) – Living vs non-living organisms
(23:55) – Origin of life
(27:40) – The search for alien life (on Earth)
(1:00:44) – Creating life in the lab – Xenobots and Anthrobots
(1:13:46) – Memories and ideas are living organisms
(1:27:26) – Reality is an illusion: The brain is an interface to a hidden reality
(2:13:13) – Unexpected Intelligence in sorting algorithms
(2:38:51) – Can aging be reversed?
(2:42:41) – Mind uploading
(3:01:22) – Alien intelligence
(3:16:17) – Advice for young people
(3:22:46) – Questions for AGI

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David Kirtley is a nuclear fusion engineer and CEO of Helion Energy, a company working on building the world’s first commercial fusion power plant by 2028.
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David’s X: https://x.com/dekirtley
David’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4qX0KXp
Helion: https://www.helionenergy.com/
Helion’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/HelionEnergySPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:35) – Nuclear fission vs fusion
(21:35) – Physics of E=mc^2
(26:50) – Is nuclear fusion safe?
(32:11) – Chernobyl
(38:38) – Geopolitics
(40:33) – Extreme scenarios
(47:28) – How nuclear fusion works
(1:20:20) – Extreme temperatures
(1:25:21) – Fusion control and simulation
(1:37:15) – Electricity from fusion
(2:11:20) – First fusion power plant in 2028
(2:18:13) – Energy needs of GPU clusters
(2:28:38) – Kardashev scale
(2:36:33) – Fermi Paradox PODCAST LINKS:
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– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Dan Houser is co-founder of Rockstar Games and is a legendary creative mind behind Grand Theft Auto (GTA) and Red Dead Redemption series of video games.
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Absurd Adventures: https://absurdventures.com
A Better Paradise: https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0FCYSK8VD
American Caper: https://absurdventures.com/americancaperSPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(01:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:32) – Greatest films of all time
(23:45) – Making video games
(26:36) – GTA 3
(29:55) – Open world video games
(32:42) – Character creation
(36:09) – Superintelligent AI in A Better Paradise
(45:21) – Can LLMs write video games?
(49:41) – Creating GTA 4 and GTA 5
(1:01:16) – Hard work and Rockstar’s culture of excellence
(1:04:56) – GTA 6
(1:21:46) – Red Dead Redemption 2
(2:01:39) – DLCs for GTA and Red Dead Redemption
(2:07:58) – Leaving Rockstar Games
(2:17:22) – Greatest game of all time
(2:22:10) – Life lessons from father
(2:24:29) – Mortality
(2:41:47) – Advice for young people
(2:47:49) – Future of video games PODCAST LINKS:
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Julia Shaw is a criminal psychologist and author who in her books explores human nature, including psychopathy, violent crime, the psychology of evil, police interrogation, false memory manipulation, deception detection, and human sexuality.
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Julia’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/drjuliashaw
Julia’s Website: https://www.drjuliashaw.com/
Julia’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/drjuliashaw
Julia’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/drjuliashaw/
Julia’s Books: https://amzn.to/4mQBnTV
Green Crime (US Book): https://amzn.to/4nLfSVE
Green Crime (Canadian Book): https://amzn.to/47lBAdcSPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(01:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:16) – Dark Tetrad – Psychopathy, Narcissism, Machiavellianism, Sadism
(29:23) – Serial killers
(43:59) – Murder
(51:51) – Lies and scams
(56:38) – Jealousy
(1:00:07) – Monogamy
(1:05:20) – Sexuality
(1:20:21) – Sexual fetishes
(1:35:56) – Criminal psychology
(1:39:04) – False memories
(2:25:01) – Criminals destroying the planet
(2:40:24) – Hope PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Pavel Durov is the founder and CEO of Telegram.
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https://lexfridman.com/pavel-durov-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
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Pavel’s Telegram: https://t.me/durov
Pavel’s X: https://x.com/durov
Telegram: https://telegram.org/
Telegram Contests: https://contest.com/SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(02:46) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:29) – Philosophy of freedom
(14:37) – No alcohol
(22:42) – No phone
(28:38) – Discipline
(49:50) – Telegram: Lean philosophy, privacy, and geopolitics
(1:05:12) – Arrest in France
(1:21:23) – Romanian elections
(1:32:18) – Power and corruption
(1:41:50) – Intense education
(1:53:51) – Nikolai Durov
(1:58:19) – Programming and video games
(2:02:33) – VK origins & engineering
(2:19:46) – Hiring a great team
(2:29:02) – Telegram engineering & design
(2:48:04) – Encryption
(2:53:01) – Open source
(2:57:48) – Edward Snowden
(3:00:20) – Intelligence agencies
(3:01:32) – Iran and Russia government pressure
(3:04:41) – Apple
(3:11:38) – Poisoning
(3:43:53) – Money
(3:52:45) – TON
(4:02:35) – Bitcoin
(4:05:34) – Two chairs dilemma
(4:12:14) – Children
(4:23:24) – Father
(4:27:55) – Quantum immortality
(4:34:27) – Kafka PODCAST LINKS:
– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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Norman Ohler is a historian and author of “Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich,” a book that investigates the role of psychoactive drugs, particularly stimulants such as methamphetamine, in the military history of World War II. It is a book that two legendary historians Ian Kershaw and Antony Beevor give very high praise for its depth of research. Norman also wrote “Tripped: Nazi Germany, the CIA, and the Dawn of the Psychedelic Age”, and he is working on a new book “Stoned Sapiens” looking at the history of human civilization through the lens of drugs.
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Stoned Sapiens Substack: https://substack.com/@stonedsapiens
Norman’s X: https://x.com/normanohler
Norman’s Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/normanohler
Norman’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Norman-Ohler
Norman’s Website: https://www.normanohler.de
Norman’s books: https://amzn.to/46uNS18
Blitzed: https://amzn.to/4mmY2XC
The Bohemians: https://amzn.to/3KubPhK
Tripped: https://amzn.to/4nEy7eXSPONSORS:
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Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(01:09) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:00) – Drugs in post-WWI Germany
(19:18) – Nazi rise to power
(23:45) – Hitler’s drug use
(29:37) – Response to historian criticism
(46:16) – Pervitin
(1:00:15) – Blitzkrieg and meth
(1:18:52) – Erwin Rommel (Crystal Fox)
(1:23:02) – Dunkirk
(1:31:06) – Hitler’s drug addiction
(1:47:03) – Methamphetamine
(1:48:57) – Invasion of Soviet Union
(2:07:54) – Cocaine
(2:16:49) – Hitler’s last days
(2:36:48) – German resistance against Nazis
(2:58:59) – Totalitarianism
(3:04:09) – Stoned Sapiens – Drugs in human history
(3:19:20) – Religion
(3:30:09) – LSD, CIA, and MKUltra
(3:55:39) – Writing on drugs
(4:08:40) – Berlin night clubs
(4:19:14) – Greatest book ever written

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Dave Hone is a paleontologist, expert on dinosaurs, co-host of the Terrible Lizards podcast, and author of numerous scientific papers and books on the behavior and ecology of dinosaurs. He lectures at Queen Mary University of London on topics of Ecology, Zoology, Biology, and Evolution.
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Terrible Lizards Podcast: https://terriblelizards.libsyn.com/
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Dave’s Academic Website: https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbbs/staff/davidhone.htmlSPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:22) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:18) – T-Rex’s size & biomechanics
(31:00) – T-Rex’s hunting strategies
(44:07) – History of dinosaurs on Earth
(1:04:38) – $31.8 million T-Rex fossil
(1:17:44) – T-Rex’s skull and bone-crushing bite force
(1:36:33) – What Jurassic Park got wrong
(1:54:52) – Evolution and sexual selection
(2:15:26) – Spinosaurus
(2:26:02) – What Jurassic Park got right
(2:33:35) – T-Rex’s intelligence
(2:43:34) – Cannibalism among T-Rex
(2:49:05) – Extinction of the dinosaurs
(3:06:15) – Dragons
(3:22:39) – Birds are dinosaurs
(3:33:23) – Future of paleontology PODCAST LINKS:
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Dave Plummer is a programmer, former Microsoft software engineer (Windows 95, NT, XP), creator of Task Manager, author of two books on autism, and host of the Dave’s Garage YouTube channel, where he shares stories from his career, insights on software development, and deep dives into technology.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(01:14) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:16) – First computer
(15:54) – Dropping out of high-school
(23:35) – Joining Microsoft
(25:47) – MS-DOS
(28:59) – Windows 95
(35:46) – The man behind Windows
(40:42) – Debugging
(45:59) – Task Manager
(51:08) – 3D Pinball: Space Cadet
(56:07) – Start menu and taskbar
(1:07:06) – Blue Screen of Death
(1:09:15) – Best programmers
(1:17:16) – Scariest time of Dave’s life
(1:24:44) – Best Windows version
(1:26:34) – Slot machines
(1:30:17) – Autism and ADHD
(1:49:37) – Fastest programming language
(1:53:42) – Future of programming PODCAST LINKS:
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Scott Horton is the director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, co-host of Provoked, and for the past three decades a staunch critic of U.S. military interventionism.
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Supplemental Notes & Corrections: https://lexfridman.com/scott-horton-links-and-notes/
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:35) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:14) – From the Cold War to the War on Terror
(1:02:13) – Iraq War 1
(1:30:17) – Bin Laden
(2:29:39) – Afghanistan War
(2:44:35) – Iraq War 2
(3:10:59) – Military Industrial Complex
(3:50:25) – Scott’s life story
(4:20:15) – Iraq War 2 (continued)
(5:11:43) – Syria
(6:05:01) – Iraq War 3
(6:17:28) – Somalia
(6:22:56) – Iran
(7:12:41) – Israel-Palestine
(9:02:19) – Cold War 2.0 PODCAST LINKS:
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Keyu Jin is an economist specializing in China’s economy, international macroeconomics, global trade imbalances, and financial policy. She is the author of The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:35) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:26) – Misconceptions about China
(12:57) – Education in China
(22:14) – Economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping
(27:33) – Mayor economy and GDP growth race
(41:20) – Growing up in China
(46:58) – First time in the US
(51:12) – China’s government vs business sector
(54:46) – Communism and capitalism
(58:25) – Jack Ma
(1:04:37) – China’s view on innovation and copying ideas
(1:11:15) – DeepSeek moment
(1:15:09) – CHIPS Act
(1:16:56) – Tariffs and Trade
(1:29:21) – Immigration
(1:34:08) – Taiwan
(1:39:54) – One-child policy
(1:47:51) – China’s economy collapse predictions
(1:52:34) – Advice for visiting China PODCAST LINKS:
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Jack Weatherford is an anthropologist and historian specializing in Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.
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Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World: https://amzn.to/4l45LsY
The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: https://amzn.to/4l22uud
Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: https://amzn.to/4fpOQA4
Emperor of the Seas: Kublai Khan and the Making of China: https://amzn.to/40JEll1SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:44) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:44) – Origin story of Genghis Khan
(52:30) – Early battles & conquests
(1:05:11) – Power
(1:07:33) – Secret History
(1:20:58) – Mongolian steppe
(1:24:16) – Mounted archery and horse-riding
(1:32:36) – Genghis Khan’s army
(1:48:49) – Military tactics and strategy
(2:01:13) – Wars of conquest
(2:05:37) – Dan Carlin
(2:15:37) – Religious freedom
(2:31:24) – Trade and the Silk Road
(2:40:10) – Weapons innovation
(2:41:40) – Kublai Khan and conquering China
(3:23:31) – Fall of the Mongol Empire
(3:50:26) – Genetic legacy
(4:00:20) – Lessons from Genghis Khan
(4:10:36) – Human nature
(4:13:47) – Visiting Mongolia
(4:33:15) – Lex: Dan Carlin
(4:36:06) – Lex: Gaza PODCAST LINKS:
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Demis Hassabis is the CEO of Google DeepMind and Nobel Prize winner for his groundbreaking work in protein structure prediction using AI.
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DeepMind’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/GoogleDeepMind
DeepMind’s Website: https://deepmind.google/
Gemini’s Website: https://gemini.google.com/
Isomorphic Labs: https://isomorphiclabs.com/
The MANIAC (book): https://amzn.to/4lOXJ81
Life Ascending (book): https://amzn.to/3AhUP7zSPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:40) – Learnable patterns in nature
(12:22) – Computation and P vs NP
(21:00) – Veo 3 and understanding reality
(25:24) – Video games
(37:26) – AlphaEvolve
(43:27) – AI research
(47:51) – Simulating a biological organism
(52:34) – Origin of life
(58:49) – Path to AGI
(1:09:35) – Scaling laws
(1:12:51) – Compute
(1:15:38) – Future of energy
(1:19:34) – Human nature
(1:24:28) – Google and the race to AGI
(1:42:27) – Competition and AI talent
(1:49:01) – Future of programming
(1:55:27) – John von Neumann
(2:04:41) – p(doom)
(2:09:24) – Humanity
(2:12:30) – Consciousness and quantum computation
(2:18:40) – David Foster Wallace
(2:25:54) – Education and research PODCAST LINKS:
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David Heinemeier Hansson (aka DHH) is a legendary programmer, creator of Ruby on Rails, co-owner & CTO of 37signals that created Basecamp, HEY, & ONCE, and is a NYT-best-selling author (with Jason Fried) of 4 books: REWORK, REMOTE, Getting Real, and It Doesn’t Have To Be Crazy At Work. He is also a race car driver, including a class-winning performance at the 24 hour Le Mans race.
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DHH’s X: https://x.com/dhh
DHH’s Website: https://dhh.dk/
Ruby on Rails: https://rubyonrails.org/
37signals: https://37signals.com/ DHH’s books:
Rework: https://amzn.to/44rSKob
Remote: https://amzn.to/44GFJ91
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Getting Real: https://amzn.to/4kzoMDgSPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:48) – Programming – early days
(26:13) – JavaScript
(36:32) – Google Chrome and DOJ
(44:19) – Ruby programming language
(51:30) – Beautiful code
(1:09:31) – Metaprogramming
(1:12:52) – Dynamic typing
(1:20:10) – Scaling
(1:33:03) – Future of programming
(1:50:34) – Future of AI
(1:56:29) – Vibe coding
(2:05:01) – Rails manifesto: Principles of a great programming language
(2:29:27) – Why managers are useless
(2:38:48) – Small teams
(2:44:55) – Jeff Bezos
(3:00:13) – Why meetings are toxic
(3:07:58) – Case against retirement
(3:15:15) – Hard work
(3:20:53) – Why we left the cloud
(3:24:04) – AWS
(3:33:22) – Owning your own servers
(3:39:35) – Elon Musk
(3:49:17) – Apple
(4:01:03) – Tim Sweeney
(4:12:37) – Fatherhood
(4:38:19) – Racing
(5:05:23) – Cars
(5:10:41) – Programming setup
(5:25:51) – Programming language for beginners
(5:39:09) – Open source
(5:48:01) – WordPress drama
(5:59:18) – Money and happiness
(6:08:11) – Hope

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Debate on Iran war between Scott Horton and Mark Dubowitz. Scott Horton is the author and director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, and for the past three decades, a staunch critic of U.S. foreign policy and military interventionism. Mark Dubowitz is the chief executive of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, host of the Iran Breakdown podcast, and a leading expert on Iran and its nuclear program for over 20 years. This debate was recorded on Tuesday, June 24, after the Iran-Israel ceasefire was declared.
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Mark’s X: https://x.com/mdubowitz
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The Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD): https://www.fdd.org/ Scott’s X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow
Scott’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow
Scott’s Podcast: https://www.scotthortonshow.com/
Scott’s Website: https://scotthorton.org/
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The Libertarian Institute: https://libertarianinstitute.org/
Antiwar.com: https://antiwar.com/SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:02) – Iran-Israel War
(16:45) – Iran’s Nuclear Program
(48:37) – Nuclear weapons and uranium
(1:00:40) – Nuclear deal
(1:26:14) – Iran Nuclear Archive
(1:48:50) – Best case and worst case near-term future
(2:24:15) – US attack on Iran – Operation Midnight Hammer
(2:47:48) – Nuclear proliferation in the future
(3:08:46) – Libertarianism
(3:21:35) – Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD)
(3:37:10) – Trump and Peacemaking process
(3:42:08) – WW2
(3:55:08) – WW3

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Terence Tao is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history. He won the Fields Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, and has contributed to a wide range of fields from fluid dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations to mathematical physics & quantum mechanics, prime numbers & analytics number theory, harmonic analysis, compressed sensing, random matrix theory, combinatorics, and progress on many of the hardest problems in the history of mathematics.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:49) – First hard problem
(15:16) – Navier–Stokes singularity
(35:25) – Game of life
(42:00) – Infinity
(47:07) – Math vs Physics
(53:26) – Nature of reality
(1:16:08) – Theory of everything
(1:22:09) – General relativity
(1:25:37) – Solving difficult problems
(1:29:00) – AI-assisted theorem proving
(1:41:50) – Lean programming language
(1:51:50) – DeepMind’s AlphaProof
(1:56:45) – Human mathematicians vs AI
(2:06:37) – AI winning the Fields Medal
(2:13:47) – Grigori Perelman
(2:26:29) – Twin Prime Conjecture
(2:43:04) – Collatz conjecture
(2:49:50) – P = NP
(2:52:43) – Fields Medal
(3:00:18) – Andrew Wiles and Fermat’s Last Theorem
(3:04:15) – Productivity
(3:06:54) – Advice for young people
(3:15:17) – The greatest mathematician of all time PODCAST LINKS:
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Sundar Pichai is CEO of Google and Alphabet.
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https://lexfridman.com/sundar-pichai-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:55) – Growing up in India
(14:04) – Advice for young people
(15:46) – Styles of leadership
(20:07) – Impact of AI in human history
(32:17) – Veo 3 and future of video
(40:01) – Scaling laws
(43:46) – AGI and ASI
(50:11) – P(doom)
(57:02) – Toughest leadership decisions
(1:08:09) – AI mode vs Google Search
(1:21:00) – Google Chrome
(1:36:30) – Programming
(1:43:14) – Android
(1:48:27) – Questions for AGI
(1:53:42) – Future of humanity
(1:57:04) – Demo: Google Beam
(2:04:46) – Demo: Google XR Glasses
(2:07:31) – Biggest invention in human history PODCAST LINKS:
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James Holland is a historian specializing in World War II. He hosts a podcast called WW2 Pod: We Have Ways of Making You Talk.
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WW2 Pod (Podcast – Apple): https://apple.co/4l93Dl3
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:25) – World War II
(17:23) – Lebensraum and Hitler ideology
(24:36) – Operation Barbarossa
(40:49) – Hitler vs Europe
(1:02:35) – Joseph Goebbels
(1:12:29) – Hitler before WW2
(1:17:25) – Hitler vs Chamberlain
(1:39:31) – Invasion of Poland
(1:44:07) – Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
(1:52:09) – Winston Churchill
(2:16:09) – Most powerful military in WW2
(2:38:31) – Tanks
(2:48:30) – Battle of Stalingrad
(3:01:21) – Concentration camps
(3:10:53) – Battle of Normandy
(3:24:45) – Lessons from WW2 PODCAST LINKS:
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Oliver Anthony is singer-songwriter who first gained worldwide fame with his viral hit Rich Men North of Richmond. He became a voice for many who are voiceless, with many of his songs speaking to the struggle of the working class in modern American life.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(09:00) – Open mics
(13:03) – Mainstream country music
(22:10) – Fame
(28:06) – Music vs politics
(36:56) – Rich Men North of Richmond
(47:06) – Popularity, money, and integrity
(1:01:54) – Blue-collar people
(1:13:57) – Depression
(1:38:50) – Nature
(2:01:26) – Three-legged cat
(2:09:57) – I Want to Go Home (live performance)
(2:13:36) – Guitar backstory
(2:17:58) – Playing live this year PODCAST LINKS:
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Janna Levin is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist specializing in black holes, cosmology of extra dimensions, topology of the universe, and gravitational waves.
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Black Hole Survival Guide (book): https://amzn.to/3YkJzT5
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:51) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:21) – Black holes
(16:55) – Formation of black holes
(27:45) – Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb
(34:08) – Inside the black hole
(47:10) – Supermassive black holes
(50:39) – Physics of spacetime
(53:42) – General relativity
(59:13) – Gravity
(1:15:47) – Information paradox
(1:24:17) – Fuzzballs & soft hair
(1:27:28) – ER = EPR
(1:34:07) – Firewall
(1:42:59) – Extra dimensions
(1:45:24) – Aliens
(2:01:00) – Wormholes
(2:11:57) – Dark matter and dark energy
(2:22:00) – Gravitational waves
(2:34:08) – Alan Turing and Kurt Godel
(2:46:23) – Grigori Perelman, Andrew Wiles, and Terence Tao
(2:52:58) – Art and science
(3:02:37) – The biggest mystery PODCAST LINKS:
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Tim Sweeney is a legendary video game programmer, founder and CEO of Epic Games that created the Unreal Engine, Fortnite, Gears of War, Unreal Tournament, and many other groundbreaking and influential video games.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(08:25) – 10,000 hours programming
(11:42) – Advice for young programmers
(19:54) – Video games in the 80s and 90s
(22:02) – Epic Games origin story
(34:40) – Indie game development
(40:34) – Unreal Engine
(1:06:30) – Technical details of Unreal Engine
(1:11:23) – Constructive solid geometry
(1:17:21) – Dynamic lighting
(1:21:51) – Volumetric fog
(1:25:19) – John Carmack
(1:27:05) – Evolution of Unreal Engine
(1:33:21) – Unreal Engine 5
(1:44:32) – Creating realistic humans
(1:53:41) – Lumen global illumination
(1:58:11) – Movies
(2:12:53) – Simulating reality
(2:25:08) – Metaverse
(2:27:44) – Fortnite
(2:31:40) – Scaling
(2:47:04) – Game economies
(2:48:33) – Standardizing the Metaverse
(2:56:46) – Verse programming language
(3:18:19) – Concurrency
(3:25:56) – Unreal Engine 6
(3:30:34) – Indie game developers
(3:33:32) – Apple
(3:48:12) – Epic Games Store
(4:11:03) – Future of gaming
(4:17:03) – Greatest games ever made
(4:22:39) – GTA 6 and Rockstar Games
(4:25:58) – Hope for the future PODCAST LINKS:
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Jeffrey Wasserstrom is a historian of modern China.
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China in the 21st Century: https://amzn.to/3GnayXT
Vigil: Hong Kong on the Brink: https://amzn.to/4jmxWmT
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:06) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:29) – Xi Jinping and Mao Zedong
(13:57) – Confucius
(21:27) – Education
(29:33) – Tiananmen Square
(40:49) – Tank Man
(50:49) – Censorship
(1:26:45) – Xi Jinping
(1:44:53) – Donald Trump
(1:48:47) – Trade war
(2:01:35) – Taiwan
(2:11:48) – Protests in Hong Kong
(2:44:07) – Mao Zedong
(3:05:48) – Future of China PODCAST LINKS:
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Robert Rodriguez is a legendary filmmaker and creator of Sin City, El Mariachi, Desperado, Spy Kids, Machete, From Dusk Till Dawn, Alita: Battle Angel, The Faculty, and his newest venture Brass Knuckle Films.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(10:04) – Explosions and having only one take
(17:39) – Success and failure
(26:28) – Filmmaking on a low budget
(38:41) – El Mariachi
(50:10) – Creativity
(1:12:06) – Limitations
(1:18:22) – Handling criticism
(1:34:32) – Action films
(1:45:53) – Quentin Tarantino
(1:55:52) – Desperado
(1:56:54) – Salma Hayek
(2:01:40) – Danny Trejo
(2:06:55) – Filming in Austin
(2:13:05) – Editing
(2:22:35) – Sound design
(2:27:43) – Deadlines
(2:31:14) – Alita: Battle Angel
(2:39:36) – James Cameron
(2:52:39) – Sin City
(3:06:48) – Manifesting
(3:18:12) – Memories and journaling
(3:27:56) – Mortality PODCAST LINKS:
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Dave Smith is a comedian, libertarian, political commentator, and the host of Part of the Problem podcast.
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https://lexfridman.com/dave-smith-transcriptCONTACT LEX:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(00:10) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:32) – Libertarianism
(10:47) – Ron Paul
(13:59) – Military–industrial complex
(20:53) – War on Terror
(33:12) – China and Taiwan
(41:00) – Just war theory
(48:09) – Israel and Gaza
(1:05:35) – Douglas Murray
(1:13:29) – Hamas
(1:29:48) – Hitler and Stalin
(1:32:01) – Darryl Cooper
(1:41:13) – Antisemitism
(1:54:46) – World leaders
(2:07:21) – Jeffrey Epstein
(2:15:24) – Sam Harris
(2:28:07) – Ukraine and Russia
(2:47:32) – Joe Rogan
(3:00:01) – Conspiracy theories
(3:17:52) – Hope PODCAST LINKS:
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Douglas Murray is the author of On Democracies and Death Cults, The War on The West, and The Madness of Crowds.
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Douglas’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/douglaskmurray
Douglas’s Website: https://douglasmurray.net
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The War on the West (book): https://amzn.to/38L7B36SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(02:04) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:31) – War in Ukraine
(13:17) – Trump and Zelenskyy
(27:47) – Putin
(48:40) – Peace
(58:31) – Zelenskyy
(1:13:11) – Israel-Palestine
(1:23:57) – Hamas
(1:38:30) – Corruption
(1:41:40) – Gaza
(2:02:18) – Benjamin Netanyahu
(2:19:29) – Hate
(2:43:59) – Iran
(2:54:48) – Interview advice
(3:09:12) – War PODCAST LINKS:
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Ezra Klein is one of the most influential voices representing the left-wing of American politics. He is a columnist for the NY Times and host of The Ezra Klein Show. Derek Thompson is a writer at The Atlantic and host of the Plain English podcast. Together they have written a new book titled Abundance that lays out a set of ideas for the future of the Democratic party.
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The New York Times: https://nytimes.com/by/ezra-klein
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(00:00) – Introduction
(03:17) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:33) – Left-wing vs right-wing politics
(19:54) – Political leaders on the left and the right
(44:29) – Internal political divisions
(47:29) – AOC
(58:50) – Political realignment
(1:10:32) – Supply-side progressivism
(1:17:42) – Wealth redistribution
(1:27:50) – Housing problem
(1:44:09) – Regulation and deregulation
(2:00:43) – DOGE, Elon, and Trump
(2:59:46) – Sam Harris
(3:09:24) – Future of America PODCAST LINKS:
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ThePrimeagen (aka Michael Paulson) is a programmer who has educated, entertained, and inspired millions of people to build software and have fun doing it.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(10:27) – Love for programming
(20:00) – Hardest part of programming
(22:16) – Types of programming
(29:54) – Life story
(39:58) – Hardship
(41:29) – High school
(47:15) – Porn addiction
(57:01) – God
(1:12:44) – Perseverance
(1:22:40) – Netflix
(1:35:08) – Groovy
(1:40:13) – Printf() debugging
(1:46:35) – Falcor
(1:56:05) – Breaking production
(1:58:49) – Pieter Levels
(2:03:19) – Netflix, Twitch, and YouTube infrastructure
(2:15:22) – ThePrimeagen origin story
(2:30:37) – Learning programming languages
(2:39:40) – Best programming languages in 2025
(2:44:35) – Python
(2:45:15) – HTML & CSS
(2:46:05) – Bash
(2:46:45) – FFmpeg
(2:53:28) – Performance
(2:56:00) – Rust
(3:00:48) – Epic projects
(3:14:12) – Asserts
(3:23:26) – ADHD
(3:31:34) – Productivity
(3:35:58) – Programming setup
(4:11:28) – Coffee
(4:18:32) – Programming with AI
(5:01:16) – Advice for young programmers
(5:12:48) – Reddit questions
(5:20:20) – God PODCAST LINKS:
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Narendra Modi is the Prime Minister of India. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Hindi, Russian (and soon other languages). Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided (for the main episode video on YouTube) in English, Hindi, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed-language version, please select the Hindi (Latin) audio track. The default is English overdub.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(17:24) – Fasting
(29:42) – Early life
(41:38) – Advice to Young People
(47:20) – Journey in the Himalayas
(58:50) – Becoming a monk
(1:00:37) – RSS and Hindu nationalism
(1:08:22) – Explaining India
(1:12:32) – Mahatma Gandhi
(1:24:27) – Path to peace in Ukraine
(1:27:41) – India and Pakistan
(1:33:21) – Cricket and Football
(1:37:45) – Donald Trump
(1:48:56) – China and Xi Jinping
(1:56:01) – Gujarat riots in 2002
(2:11:37) – Biggest democracy in the world
(2:21:53) – Power
(2:26:39) – Hard work
(2:29:46) – Srinivasa Ramanujan
(2:31:53) – Decision-making process
(2:39:40) – AI
(2:49:55) – Education
(3:00:10) – Learning and focus
(3:06:01) – Mantra
(3:07:45) – Meditation
(3:13:43) – Lex visiting India
(3:18:08) – Siddhartha

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Dylan Patel is the founder of SemiAnalysis, a research & analysis company specializing in semiconductors, GPUs, CPUs, and AI hardware. Nathan Lambert is a research scientist at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of a blog on AI called Interconnects.
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Nathan’s X: https://x.com/natolambert
Nathan’s Blog: https://www.interconnects.ai/
Nathan’s Podcast: https://www.interconnects.ai/podcast
Nathan’s Website: https://www.natolambert.com/
Nathan’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@natolambert
Nathan’s Book: https://rlhfbook.com/SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(13:28) – DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3
(35:02) – Low cost of training
(1:01:19) – DeepSeek compute cluster
(1:08:52) – Export controls on GPUs to China
(1:19:10) – AGI timeline
(1:28:35) – China’s manufacturing capacity
(1:36:30) – Cold war with China
(1:41:00) – TSMC and Taiwan
(2:04:38) – Best GPUs for AI
(2:19:30) – Why DeepSeek is so cheap
(2:32:49) – Espionage
(2:41:52) – Censorship
(2:54:46) – Andrej Karpathy and magic of RL
(3:05:17) – OpenAI o3-mini vs DeepSeek r1
(3:24:25) – NVIDIA
(3:28:53) – GPU smuggling
(3:35:30) – DeepSeek training on OpenAI data
(3:45:59) – AI megaclusters
(4:21:21) – Who wins the race to AGI?
(4:31:34) – AI agents
(4:40:16) – Programming and AI
(4:47:43) – Open source
(4:56:55) – Stargate
(5:04:24) – Future of AI

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Marc Andreessen is an entrepreneur, investor, co-creator of Mosaic, co-founder of Netscape, and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz.
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Marc’s X: https://x.com/pmarca
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Andreessen Horowitz: https://a16z.comSPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(12:46) – Best possible future
(22:09) – History of Western Civilization
(31:28) – Trump in 2025
(39:09) – TDS in tech
(51:56) – Preference falsification
(1:07:52) – Self-censorship
(1:22:55) – Censorship
(1:31:34) – Jon Stewart
(1:34:20) – Mark Zuckerberg on Joe Rogan
(1:43:09) – Government pressure
(1:53:57) – Nature of power
(2:06:45) – Journalism
(2:12:20) – Bill Ackman
(2:17:17) – Trump administration
(2:24:56) – DOGE
(2:38:48) – H1B and immigration
(3:16:42) – Little tech
(3:29:02) – AI race
(3:37:52) – X
(3:41:24) – Yann LeCun
(3:44:59) – Andrew Huberman
(3:46:30) – Success
(3:49:26) – God and humanity PODCAST LINKS:
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Jennifer Burns is a historian of ideas, focusing on the evolution of economic, political, and social ideas in the United States in the 20th century. She wrote two biographies, one on Milton Friedman, and the other on Ayn Rand.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(10:05) – Milton Friedman
(24:58) – The Great Depression
(39:15) – Schools of economic thought
(50:22) – Keynesian economics
(58:10) – Laissez-faire
(1:06:00) – Friedrich Hayek
(1:11:18) – Money and monetarism
(1:26:03) – Stagflation
(1:30:56) – Moral case for capitalism
(1:34:53) – Freedom
(1:39:51) – Ethics of competition
(1:43:37) – Win-win solutions
(1:45:26) – Corruption
(1:47:51) – Government intervention
(1:54:10) – Conservatism
(2:00:33) – Donald Trump
(2:03:09) – Inflation
(2:07:38) – DOGE
(2:12:58) – Javier Milei
(2:18:03) – Richard Nixon
(2:25:17) – Ronald Reagan
(2:28:24) – Cryptocurrency
(2:43:40) – Ayn Rand
(2:51:18) – The Fountainhead
(3:02:58) – Sex and power dynamics
(3:19:04) – Evolution of ideas in history
(3:26:32) – Postmodernism
(3:37:33) – Advice to students
(3:45:50) – Lex reflects on Volodymyr Zelenskyy interview PODCAST LINKS:
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Volodymyr Zelenskyy is the President of Ukraine. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Ukrainian, and Russian. Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided in English, Ukrainian, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed language version, please select the English (UK) audio track audio track. The default is English overdub.
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President Zelenskyy’s X: https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa
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(00:00) – Introduction
(20:17) – Language
(30:06) – World War II
(46:54) – Invasion on Feb 24, 2022
(53:30) – Negotiating Peace
(1:13:47) – NATO and security guarantees
(1:26:39) – Sitting down with Putin and Trump
(1:46:09) – Compromise and leverage
(1:51:38) – Putin and Russia
(2:01:30) – Donald Trump
(2:12:01) – Martial Law and Elections
(2:24:21) – Corruption
(2:33:06) – Elon Musk
(2:37:10) – Trump Inauguration on Jan 20
(2:40:18) – Power dynamics in Ukraine
(2:43:50) – Future of Ukraine
(2:48:32) – Choice of language
(2:58:02) – Podcast prep and research process
(3:06:27) – Travel and setup
(3:12:13) – Conclusion PODCAST LINKS:
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Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations.
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Adam’s Books:
The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP
Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C
The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K
The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(14:22) – Planet formation
(19:32) – Plate tectonics
(26:54) – Extinction events
(31:04) – Biosphere
(34:02) – Technosphere
(38:17) – Emergence of intelligence
(44:29) – Drake equation
(48:43) – Exoplanets
(51:28) – Habitable zones
(54:30) – Fermi Paradox
(1:03:28) – Alien civilizations
(1:12:55) – Colonizing Mars
(1:25:11) – Search for aliens
(1:41:37) – Alien megastructures
(1:47:43) – Kardashev scale
(1:52:56) – Detecting aliens
(1:59:38) – Warp drives
(2:05:45) – Cryogenics
(2:09:03) – What aliens look like
(2:17:48) – Alien contact
(2:28:53) – UFO sightings
(2:40:38) – Physics of life
(3:06:29) – Nature of time
(3:22:53) – Cognition
(3:27:16) – Mortality

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Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
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Saagar’s Book Recommendations: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
Saagar’s Substack (where he recommends more books): https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/
Saagar’s X: https://x.com/esaagar
Saagar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/esaagar
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The Realignment Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment
Saagar’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esaagarSPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(09:47) – Why Trump won
(14:48) – Book recommendations
(18:24) – History of wokeism
(25:54) – History of Scots-Irish
(32:32) – Biden
(36:34) – FDR
(38:36) – George W Bush
(40:59) – LBJ
(46:15) – Cuban Missile Crisis
(53:48) – Immigration
(1:25:46) – DOGE
(1:52:27) – MAGA ideology
(1:55:39) – Bernie Sanders
(2:04:00) – Obama vs Trump
(2:21:00) – Nancy Pelosi
(2:24:14) – Kamala Harris
(2:40:00) – 2020 Election
(3:03:49) – Sam Harris
(3:14:55) – UFOs
(3:20:47) – Future of the Republican Party
(3:27:24) – Future of the Democratic Party
(3:35:21) – Hope

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Javier Milei is the President of Argentina. This episode is available in both English and Spanish.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(14:44) – Economic freedom
(20:09) – Anarcho-capitalism
(30:02) – Presidency and reforms
(49:22) – Poverty
(55:54) – Corruption
(1:04:32) – Freedom
(1:18:43) – Elon Musk
(1:24:11) – DOGE
(1:26:13) – Donald Trump
(1:32:13) – US and Argentina relations
(1:39:22) – Messi vs Maradona
(1:48:16) – God
(1:50:22) – Elvis and Rolling Stones
(1:54:02) – Free market
(2:01:03) – Loyalty
(2:03:40) – Advice for young people
(2:05:06) – Hope for Argentina PODCAST LINKS:
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Dario Amodei is the CEO of Anthropic, the company that created Claude. Amanda Askell is an AI researcher working on Claude’s character and personality. Chris Olah is an AI researcher working on mechanistic interpretability.
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Claude: https://claude.ai
Anthropic’s X: https://x.com/AnthropicAI
Anthropic’s Website: https://anthropic.com
Dario’s X: https://x.com/DarioAmodei
Dario’s Website: https://darioamodei.com
Machines of Loving Grace (Essay): https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace
Chris’s X: https://x.com/ch402
Chris’s Blog: https://colah.github.io
Amanda’s X: https://x.com/AmandaAskell
Amanda’s Website: https://askell.ioSPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(10:19) – Scaling laws
(19:25) – Limits of LLM scaling
(27:51) – Competition with OpenAI, Google, xAI, Meta
(33:14) – Claude
(36:50) – Opus 3.5
(41:36) – Sonnet 3.5
(44:56) – Claude 4.0
(49:07) – Criticism of Claude
(1:01:54) – AI Safety Levels
(1:12:42) – ASL-3 and ASL-4
(1:16:46) – Computer use
(1:26:41) – Government regulation of AI
(1:45:30) – Hiring a great team
(1:54:19) – Post-training
(1:59:45) – Constitutional AI
(2:05:11) – Machines of Loving Grace
(2:24:17) – AGI timeline
(2:36:52) – Programming
(2:43:52) – Meaning of life
(2:49:58) – Amanda Askell – Philosophy
(2:52:26) – Programming advice for non-technical people
(2:56:15) – Talking to Claude
(3:12:47) – Prompt engineering
(3:21:21) – Post-training
(3:26:00) – Constitutional AI
(3:30:53) – System prompts
(3:37:00) – Is Claude getting dumber?
(3:49:02) – Character training
(3:50:01) – Nature of truth
(3:54:38) – Optimal rate of failure
(4:01:49) – AI consciousness
(4:16:20) – AGI
(4:24:58) – Chris Olah – Mechanistic Interpretability
(4:29:49) – Features, Circuits, Universality
(4:47:23) – Superposition
(4:58:22) – Monosemanticity
(5:05:14) – Scaling Monosemanticity
(5:14:02) – Macroscopic behavior of neural networks
(5:18:56) – Beauty of neural networks

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Rick Spence is a historian specializing in the history of intelligence agencies, espionage, secret societies, conspiracies, the occult, and military history.
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Rick’s Website: https://www.uidaho.edu/class/history/faculty-staff/richard-spence
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(00:00) – Introduction
(09:04) – KGB and CIA
(23:21) – Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD
(38:53) – CIA spies vs KGB spies
(45:29) – Assassinations and mind control
(52:23) – Jeffrey Epstein
(59:15) – Bohemian Grove
(1:11:09) – Occultism
(1:22:20) – Nazi party and Thule society
(2:02:38) – Protocols of the Elders of Zion
(2:35:43) – Charles Manson
(3:02:30) – Zodiac Killer
(3:13:24) – Illuminati
(3:20:48) – Secret societies PODCAST LINKS:
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Bernie Sanders is a US Senator from Vermont and a two-time presidential candidate.
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Bernie’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/berniesanders Bernie’s Books:
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Where We Go from Here: https://amzn.to/4eUSJMj
Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution: https://amzn.to/3YkVAa4
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(00:00) – Introduction
(08:51) – MLK Jr
(11:43) – Corruption in politics
(23:00) – Healthcare in US
(31:33) – 2016 election
(37:32) – Barack Obama
(43:26) – Capitalism
(51:35) – Response to attacks
(56:32) – AOC and progressive politics
(1:04:24) – Mortality
(1:06:30) – Hope for the future PODCAST LINKS:
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Graham Hancock a journalist and author who for over 30 years has explored the controversial possibility that there existed a lost civilization during the last Ice Age, and that it was destroyed in a global cataclysm some 12,000 years ago. He is the presenter of the Netflix documentary series “Ancient Apocalypse”, the 2nd season of which has just been released.
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Graham’s Website: https://grahamhancock.com/
Ancient Apocalypse (Season 2): https://netflix.com/title/81211003
Graham’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/GrahamHancockDotCom
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Fingerprints of the Gods (book): https://amzn.to/4eM3QXCSPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(09:58) – Lost Ice Age civilization
(17:03) – Göbekli Tepe
(29:07) – Early humans
(34:07) – Astronomical symbolism
(45:36) – Younger Dryas impact hypothesis
(1:03:55) – The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza
(1:24:29) – Sahara Desert and the Amazon rainforest
(1:33:49) – Response to critics
(1:57:56) – Panspermia
(2:05:22) – Shamanism
(2:29:22) – How the Great Pyramid was built
(2:36:41) – Mortality PODCAST LINKS:
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Jordan Peterson is a psychologist, author, lecturer, and podcast host.
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Peterson Academy: https://petersonacademy.com
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Jordan’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@JordanBPeterson
Jordan’s Website: https://jordanbpeterson.com Jordan’s Books:
We Who Wrestle with God: https://amzn.to/485Dz4a
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12 Rules for Life: https://amzn.to/3c4sqYF
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(00:00) – Introduction
(07:07) – Nietzsche
(14:48) – Power and propaganda
(19:54) – Nazism
(24:54) – Religion
(41:18) – Communism
(47:03) – Hero myth
(49:12) – Belief in God
(59:24) – Advice for young people
(1:12:02) – Sex
(1:32:00) – Good and evil
(1:44:46) – Psychopathy
(1:58:15) – Hardship
(2:10:31) – Pain and gratitude
(2:21:32) – Truth PODCAST LINKS:
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Aman Sanger, Arvid Lunnemark, Michael Truell, and Sualeh Asif are creators of Cursor, a popular code editor that specializes in AI-assisted programming.
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Cursor Website: https://cursor.com
Cursor on X: https://x.com/cursor_ai
Anysphere Website: https://anysphere.inc/
Aman’s X: https://x.com/amanrsanger
Aman’s Website: https://amansanger.com/
Arvid’s X: https://x.com/ArVID220u
Arvid’s Website: https://arvid.xyz/
Michael’s Website: https://mntruell.com/
Michael’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3zIDkPN
Sualeh’s X: https://x.com/sualehasif996
Sualeh’s Website: https://sualehasif.me/SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(09:25) – Code editor basics
(11:35) – GitHub Copilot
(18:53) – Cursor
(25:20) – Cursor Tab
(31:35) – Code diff
(39:46) – ML details
(45:20) – GPT vs Claude
(51:54) – Prompt engineering
(59:20) – AI agents
(1:13:18) – Running code in background
(1:17:57) – Debugging
(1:23:25) – Dangerous code
(1:34:35) – Branching file systems
(1:37:47) – Scaling challenges
(1:51:58) – Context
(1:57:05) – OpenAI o1
(2:08:27) – Synthetic data
(2:12:14) – RLHF vs RLAIF
(2:14:01) – Fields Medal for AI
(2:16:43) – Scaling laws
(2:25:32) – The future of programming PODCAST LINKS:
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Ed Barnhart is an archaeologist and explorer specializing in ancient civilizations of the Americas. He is the Director of the Maya Exploration Center, host of the ArchaeoEd Podcast, and lecturer on the ancient history of North, Central, and South America. Ed is in part known for his groundbreaking work on ancient astronomy, mathematics, and calendar systems.
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Ed’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@archaeoedpodcast
Ed’s Website: https://archaeoed.com/
Maya Exploration Center: https://mayaexploration.org
Ed’s Lectures on The Great Courses: https://thegreatcoursesplus.com/edwin-barnhart
Ed’s Lectures on Audible: https://adbl.co/4dBavTZ
2025 Mayan Calendar: https://mayan-calendar.com/SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(08:59) – Lost civilizations
(16:04) – Hunter-gatherers
(19:36) – First humans in the Americas
(29:28) – South America
(34:57) – Pyramids
(42:01) – Religion
(55:05) – Shamanism
(57:02) – Ayahuasca
(1:03:15) – Lost City of Z
(1:08:09) – Graham Hancock
(1:15:11) – Uncontacted tribes
(1:21:12) – Maya civilization
(1:37:00) – Mayan calendar
(1:52:17) – Flood myths
(2:20:46) – Aztecs
(2:38:12) – Inca Empire
(2:56:13) – Early humans in North America
(3:02:10) – Columbus
(3:06:46) – Vikings
(3:10:55) – Aliens
(3:15:23) – Earth in 10,000 years
(3:31:33) – Hope for the future PODCAST LINKS:
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Vivek Ramaswamy is a conservative politician, entrepreneur, and author of many books on politics, including his latest titled Truths: The Future of America First.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(12:50) – Conservatism
(16:06) – Progressivism
(21:41) – DEI
(26:33) – Bureaucracy
(33:25) – Government efficiency
(48:34) – Education
(1:02:59) – Military Industrial Complex
(1:25:18) – Illegal immigration
(1:46:53) – Donald Trump
(2:08:18) – War in Ukraine
(2:19:31) – China
(2:30:42) – Will Vivek run in 2028?
(2:42:21) – Approach to debates PODCAST LINKS:
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Vejas Liulevicius is a historian specializing in Germany and Eastern Europe, who has lectured extensively on Marxism and the rise, the reign, and the fall of Communism.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(08:48) – Marxism
(36:33) – Anarchism
(51:30) – The Communist Manifesto
(1:00:29) – Communism in the Soviet Union
(1:20:23) – Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin
(1:30:11) – Stalin
(1:37:26) – Holodomor
(1:51:16) – The Great Terror
(2:04:17) – Totalitarianism
(2:15:19) – Response to Darryl Cooper
(2:30:27) – Nazis vs Communists in Germany
(2:36:50) – Mao
(2:41:57) – Great Leap Forward
(2:48:58) – China after Mao
(2:54:30) – North Korea
(2:58:34) – Communism in US
(3:06:04) – Russia after Soviet Union
(3:17:35) – Advice for Lex
(3:25:17) – Book recommendations
(3:28:16) – Advice for young people
(3:35:08) – Hope PODCAST LINKS:
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Gregory Aldrete is a historian specializing in ancient Rome and military history.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(08:38) – Ancient world
(22:34) – Three phases of Roman history
(25:24) – Rome’s expansion
(37:04) – Punic wars
(45:36) – Conquering Greece
(47:14) – Scipio vs Hannibal
(50:21) – Heavy infantry vs Cavalry
(53:57) – Armor
(1:06:48) – Alexander the Great
(1:12:49) – Roman law
(1:22:29) – Slavery
(1:30:09) – Fall of the Roman Republic
(1:33:54) – Julius Caesar
(1:38:33) – Octavian’s rise
(1:48:25) – Cleopatra
(1:56:47) – Augustus
(2:24:57) – Religion in Rome
(2:49:03) – Emperors
(2:56:10) – Marcus Aurelius
(3:02:21) – Taxes
(3:05:29) – Fall of the Roman Empire
(3:22:41) – Decisive battles
(3:46:51) – Hope PODCAST LINKS:
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Donald Trump is the 45th President of the United States and the Republican candidate in the 2024 US Presidential Election.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(09:19) – Psychology of winning and losing
(12:01) – Politics is a dirty game
(13:38) – Business vs politics
(16:15) – War in Ukraine
(18:03) – Kamala Harris interview on CNN
(18:46) – Trump-Harris debate
(21:43) – China
(23:57) – 2020 election
(32:13) – Project 2025
(33:03) – Marijuana
(35:24) – Joe Rogan
(39:04) – Division
(46:10) – Communism and fascism
(49:46) – Power
(51:47) – UFOs & JFK
(52:26) – Jeffrey Epstein
(54:05) – Mortality and religion
(55:35) – Lex AMA PODCAST LINKS:
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Cenk Uygur is a progressive political commentator and host of The Young Turks.
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(00:00) – Introduction
(14:27) – Progressivism
(20:37) – Communism
(35:24) – Capitalism
(41:27) – Corruption
(46:13) – Money in politics
(1:03:00) – Fixing politics
(1:22:11) – Meritocracy & DEI
(1:33:10) – Far-left vs far-right
(2:07:43) – Donald Trump
(2:28:00) – Joe Biden
(2:46:27) – Bernie Sanders
(2:59:56) – Kamala Harris
(3:07:25) – Harris vs Trump presidential debate
(3:20:55) – RFK Jr
(3:30:37) – The Young Turks
(3:38:49) – Joe Rogan
(3:48:30) – Propaganda
(3:55:46) – Conspiracy theories
(4:03:33) – Israel-Palestine
(4:13:20) – Hope PODCAST LINKS:
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Pieter Levels (aka levelsio on X) is a self-taught developer and entrepreneur who has designed, programmed, launched over 40 startups, many of which are highly successful.
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Pieter’s X: https://x.com/levelsio
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Indie Maker Handbook: https://readmake.com/
Nomad List: https://nomadlist.com
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Hoodmaps: https://hoodmaps.comSPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(11:38) – Startup philosophy
(19:09) – Low points
(22:37) – 12 startups in 12 months
(29:29) – Traveling and depression
(42:08) – Indie hacking
(46:11) – Photo AI
(1:22:28) – How to learn AI
(1:31:04) – Robots
(1:39:21) – Hoodmaps
(2:03:26) – Learning new programming languages
(2:12:58) – Monetize your website
(2:19:34) – Fighting SPAM
(2:23:07) – Automation
(2:34:33) – When to sell startup
(2:37:26) – Coding solo
(2:43:28) – Ship fast
(2:52:13) – Best IDE for programming
(3:01:43) – Andrej Karpathy
(3:11:09) – Productivity
(3:24:56) – Minimalism
(3:33:41) – Emails
(3:40:54) – Coffee
(3:48:40) – E/acc
(3:50:56) – Advice for young people PODCAST LINKS:
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Craig Jones is a legendary jiu jitsu personality, competitor, co-founder of B-Team, and organizer of the CJI tournament that offers over $2 million in prize money.
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B-Team’s Website: https://bteamjj.com/SPONSORS:
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(00:00) – Introduction
(12:20) – $1 million in cash
(14:24) – Kazakhstan
(16:49) – Ukraine
(48:58) – Bali
(56:18) – CJI
(1:07:20) – Gabi Garcia
(1:10:14) – The Alley
(1:25:24) – Gordon Ryan and Nicholas Meregali
(1:32:18) – Trolling
(1:35:06) – ADCC
(1:45:19) – Training camp
(1:57:01) – Breaking legs
(1:57:44) – Advice for beginners
(2:04:23) – Volk
(2:13:26) – Future of jiu jitsu
(2:16:32) – Steroids
(2:20:01) – Hope PODCAST LINKS:
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Elon Musk is CEO of Neuralink, SpaceX, Tesla, xAI, and CTO of X. DJ Seo is COO & President of Neuralink. Matthew MacDougall is Head Neurosurgeon at Neuralink. Bliss Chapman is Brain Interface Software Lead at Neuralink. Noland Arbaugh is the first human to have a Neuralink device implanted in his brain. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/elon-musk-and-neuralink-team-transcript Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:26) – Elon Musk
(12:42) – Telepathy
(19:22) – Power of human mind
(23:49) – Future of Neuralink
(29:04) – Ayahuasca
(38:33) – Merging with AI
(43:21) – xAI
(45:34) – Optimus
(52:24) – Elon’s approach to problem-solving
(1:09:59) – History and geopolitics
(1:14:30) – Lessons of history
(1:18:49) – Collapse of empires
(1:26:32) – Time
(1:29:14) – Aliens and curiosity
(1:36:48) – DJ Seo
(1:44:57) – Neural dust
(1:51:40) – History of brain–computer interface
(1:59:44) – Biophysics of neural interfaces
(2:10:12) – How Neuralink works
(2:16:03) – Lex with Neuralink implant
(2:36:01) – Digital telepathy
(2:47:03) – Retracted threads
(2:52:38) – Vertical integration
(2:59:32) – Safety
(3:09:27) – Upgrades
(3:18:30) – Future capabilities
(3:47:46) – Matthew MacDougall
(3:53:35) – Neuroscience
(4:00:44) – Neurosurgery
(4:11:48) – Neuralink surgery
(4:30:57) – Brain surgery details
(4:46:40) – Implanting Neuralink on self
(5:02:34) – Life and death
(5:11:54) – Consciousness
(5:14:48) – Bliss Chapman
(5:28:04) – Neural signal
(5:34:56) – Latency
(5:39:36) – Neuralink app
(5:44:17) – Intention vs action
(5:55:31) – Calibration
(6:05:03) – Webgrid
(6:28:05) – Neural decoder
(6:48:40) – Future improvements
(6:57:36) – Noland Arbaugh
(6:57:45) – Becoming paralyzed
(7:11:20) – First Neuralink human participant
(7:15:21) – Day of surgery
(7:33:08) – Moving mouse with brain
(7:58:27) – Webgrid
(8:06:28) – Retracted threads
(8:14:53) – App improvements
(8:21:38) – Gaming
(8:32:36) – Future Neuralink capabilities
(8:35:31) – Controlling Optimus robot
(8:39:53) – God
(8:41:58) – Hope

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Jordan Jonas is a wilderness survival expert, explorer, hunter, guide, and winner of Alone Season 6, a show in which the task is to survive alone in the arctic wilderness longer than anyone else. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest competitors in the history on that show. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(11:25) – Alone Season 6
(45:43) – Arctic
(1:01:59) – Roland Welker
(1:09:34) – Freight trains
(1:21:19) – Siberia
(1:39:45) – Hunger
(1:59:29) – Suffering
(2:14:15) – God
(2:29:15) – Mortality
(2:34:59) – Resilience
(2:46:45) – Hope
(2:49:30) – Lex AMA

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Ivanka Trump is a businesswoman, real estate developer, and former senior advisor to the President of the United States. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:17) – Architecture
(22:32) – Modern architecture
(30:05) – Philosophy of design
(38:21) – Lessons from mother
(1:01:27) – Lessons from father
(1:09:59) – Fashion
(1:20:54) – Hotel design
(1:32:04) – Self-doubt
(1:34:27) – Intuition
(1:37:37) – The Apprentice
(1:42:11) – Michael Jackson
(1:43:46) – Nature
(1:48:40) – Surfing
(1:50:51) – Donald Trump
(2:05:13) – Politics
(2:21:25) – Work-life balance
(2:27:53) – Parenting
(2:42:59) – 2024 presidential campaign
(2:46:37) – Dolly Parton
(2:48:22) – Adele
(2:48:51) – Alice Johnson
(2:54:16) – Stevie Ray Vaughan
(2:57:01) – Aretha Franklin
(2:58:11) – Freddie Mercury
(2:59:16) – Jiu jitsu
(3:06:21) – Bucket list
(3:10:50) – Hope

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Andrew Huberman is a neuroscientist at Stanford and host of the Huberman Lab Podcast. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:24) – Quitting and evolving
(17:22) – How to focus and think deeply
(19:56) – Cannabis drama
(30:08) – Jungian shadow
(40:35) – Supplements
(43:38) – Nicotine
(48:01) – Caffeine
(49:48) – Math gaffe
(1:06:50) – 2024 presidential elections
(1:13:47) – Great white sharks
(1:22:32) – Ayahuasca & psychedelics
(1:37:33) – Relationships
(1:45:08) – Productivity
(1:53:58) – Friendship

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Arvind Srinivas is CEO of Perplexity, a company that aims to revolutionize how we humans find answers to questions on the Internet. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:52) – How Perplexity works
(18:48) – How Google works
(41:16) – Larry Page and Sergey Brin
(55:50) – Jeff Bezos
(59:18) – Elon Musk
(1:01:36) – Jensen Huang
(1:04:53) – Mark Zuckerberg
(1:06:21) – Yann LeCun
(1:13:07) – Breakthroughs in AI
(1:29:05) – Curiosity
(1:35:22) – $1 trillion dollar question
(1:50:13) – Perplexity origin story
(2:05:25) – RAG
(2:27:43) – 1 million H100 GPUs
(2:30:15) – Advice for startups
(2:42:52) – Future of search
(3:00:29) – Future of AI

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Sara Walker is an astrobiologist and theoretical physicist. She is the author of a new book titled “Life as No One Knows It: The Physics of Life’s Emergence”. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:40) – Definition of life
(31:18) – Time and space
(42:00) – Technosphere
(46:25) – Theory of everything
(55:06) – Origin of life
(1:16:44) – Assembly theory
(1:32:58) – Aliens
(1:44:48) – Great Perceptual Filter
(1:48:45) – Fashion
(1:52:47) – Beauty
(1:59:08) – Language
(2:05:50) – Computation
(2:15:37) – Consciousness
(2:24:28) – Artificial life
(2:48:21) – Free will
(2:55:05) – Why anything exists

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Kevin Spacey is a two-time Oscar-winning actor, who starred in Se7en, the Usual Suspects, American Beauty, and House of Cards, creating haunting performances of characters who often embody the dark side of human nature. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:14) – Seven
(13:54) – David Fincher
(21:46) – Brad Pitt and Morgan Freeman
(27:15) – Acting
(35:40) – Improve
(44:24) – Al Pacino
(48:07) – Jack Lemmon
(57:25) – American Beauty
(1:17:34) – Mortality
(1:20:22) – Allegations
(1:38:19) – House of Cards
(1:56:55) – Jack Nicholson
(1:59:57) – Mike Nichols
(2:05:30) – Christopher Walken
(2:12:38) – Father
(2:21:30) – Future

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Roman Yampolskiy is an AI safety researcher and author of a new book titled AI: Unexplainable, Unpredictable, Uncontrollable. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:12) – Existential risk of AGI
(15:25) – Ikigai risk
(23:37) – Suffering risk
(27:12) – Timeline to AGI
(31:44) – AGI turing test
(37:06) – Yann LeCun and open source AI
(49:58) – AI control
(52:26) – Social engineering
(54:59) – Fearmongering
(1:04:49) – AI deception
(1:11:23) – Verification
(1:18:22) – Self-improving AI
(1:30:34) – Pausing AI development
(1:36:51) – AI Safety
(1:46:35) – Current AI
(1:51:58) – Simulation
(1:59:16) – Aliens
(2:00:50) – Human mind
(2:07:10) – Neuralink
(2:16:15) – Hope for the future
(2:20:11) – Meaning of life

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Charan Ranganath is a psychologist and neuroscientist at UC Davis, specializing in human memory. He is the author of a new book titled Why We Remember. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:18) – Experiencing self vs remembering self
(23:59) – Creating memories
(33:31) – Why we forget
(41:08) – Training memory
(51:37) – Memory hacks
(1:03:26) – Imagination vs memory
(1:12:44) – Memory competitions
(1:22:33) – Science of memory
(1:37:48) – Discoveries
(1:48:52) – Deja vu
(1:54:09) – False memories
(2:14:14) – False confessions
(2:18:00) – Heartbreak
(2:25:34) – Nature of time
(2:33:15) – Brain–computer interface (BCI)
(2:47:19) – AI and memory
(2:57:33) – ADHD
(3:04:30) – Music
(3:14:15) – Human mind

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Paul Rosolie is a naturalist, explorer, author, and founder of Junglekeepers, dedicating his life to protecting the Amazon rainforest. Support his efforts at https://junglekeepers.org Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(12:29) – Amazon jungle
(14:47) – Bushmaster snakes
(26:13) – Black caiman
(44:33) – Rhinos
(47:47) – Anacondas
(1:18:04) – Mammals
(1:30:10) – Piranhas
(1:41:00) – Aliens
(1:58:45) – Elephants
(2:10:02) – Origin of life
(2:23:21) – Explorers
(2:36:38) – Ayahuasca
(2:45:03) – Deep jungle expedition
(2:59:09) – Jane Goodall
(3:01:41) – Theodore Roosevelt
(3:12:36) – Alone show
(3:22:23) – Protecting the rainforest
(3:38:36) – Snake makes appearance
(3:46:47) – Uncontacted tribes
(4:00:11) – Mortality
(4:01:39) – Steve Irwin
(4:09:18) – God

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Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist, author, and host of Mindscape podcast. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(11:03) – General relativity
(23:22) – Black holes
(28:11) – Hawking radiation
(32:19) – Aliens
(41:15) – Holographic principle
(1:05:38) – Dark energy
(1:11:38) – Dark matter
(1:20:34) – Quantum mechanics
(1:41:56) – Simulation
(1:44:18) – AGI
(1:58:42) – Complexity
(2:11:25) – Consciousness
(2:20:32) – Naturalism
(2:24:49) – Limits of science
(2:29:34) – Mindscape podcast
(2:39:29) – Einstein

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Neil Adams is a judo world champion, 2-time Olympic silver medalist, 5-time European champion, and often referred to as the Voice of Judo. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:13) – 1980 Olympics
(26:35) – Judo explained
(34:40) – Winning
(52:54) – 1984 Olympics
(1:01:55) – Lessons from losing
(1:17:37) – Teddy Riner
(1:37:12) – Training in Japan
(1:52:51) – Jiu jitsu
(2:03:59) – Training
(2:27:18) – Advice for beginners

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Edward Gibson is a psycholinguistics professor at MIT and heads the MIT Language Lab. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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– Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast
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– Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridmanOUTLINE:
Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:53) – Human language
(14:59) – Generalizations in language
(20:46) – Dependency grammar
(30:45) – Morphology
(39:20) – Evolution of languages
(42:40) – Noam Chomsky
(1:26:46) – Thinking and language
(1:40:16) – LLMs
(1:53:14) – Center embedding
(2:19:42) – Learning a new language
(2:23:34) – Nature vs nurture
(2:30:10) – Culture and language
(2:44:38) – Universal language
(2:49:01) – Language translation
(2:52:16) – Animal communication