Explaining History

During the post war decades, migration from Britain's colonies in the Caribbean to the UK grew considerably. There are well documented 'pull' factors that led to this, including a deep sense of identification that many Jamaicans, Barbadians and others felt for the 'mother country'. However, long term structural economic hardships, the effects of a devastating hurricane in 1944 and the lack of any real prospect of migration to America after 1952 created powerful 'push' factors towards Britain.

This episode of the Explaining History podcast explores these issues through Eddie Chambers' excellent cultural history of Black Britain, Roots and Culture

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In this gripping episode of *Explaining History*, we delve into the shadowy world of espionage, conflict, and moral ambiguity with intelligence writer Henry Hemming, author of the explosive new book on one of the most controversial figures of The Troubles, the IRA double agent known as Stakeknife.

Henry Hemming takes us behind the veil of secrecy to reveal the complex life of Stakeknife, who, while deeply embedded within the IRA, passed critical intelligence to British security forces. This clandestine exchange of information had profound impacts on the course of The Troubles, making Stakeknife one of the most effective double agents of the period. However, his actions did not come without a cost, as he was also implicated in numerous murders, raising questions about morality, loyalty, and the price of peace.

Through Hemming's meticulous research and captivating storytelling, we explore the intricate dance of espionage, the ethical quandaries faced by those living a double life, and the human cost of conflict. This episode is a must-listen for anyone fascinated by the complexities of history, the art of intelligence, and the enduring question of what it means to do the right thing in a world where lines are often blurred.

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In this gripping episode of *Explaining History*, we delve into the shadowy world of espionage, conflict, and moral ambiguity with intelligence writer Henry Hemming, author of the explosive new book on one of the most controversial figures of The Troubles, the IRA double agent known as Stakeknife.

Henry Hemming takes us behind the veil of secrecy to reveal the complex life of Stakeknife, who, while deeply embedded within the IRA, passed critical intelligence to British security forces. This clandestine exchange of information had profound impacts on the course of The Troubles, making Stakeknife one of the most effective double agents of the period. However, his actions did not come without a cost, as he was also implicated in numerous murders, raising questions about morality, loyalty, and the price of peace.

Through Hemming's meticulous research and captivating storytelling, we explore the intricate dance of espionage, the ethical quandaries faced by those living a double life, and the human cost of conflict. This episode is a must-listen for anyone fascinated by the complexities of history, the art of intelligence, and the enduring question of what it means to do the right thing in a world where lines are often blurred.

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In this episode of Explaining History, we sit down with the acclaimed writer Bruce Tapping, author of, "Bruce's Complete Timeline of the World." Join us as we embark on a fascinating journey through the timeline, unravelling the complexities of our past, from the agricultural revolutions that reshaped society to the intellectual awakening of the Renaissance.

Bruce offers his unique insights into some of the most pivotal events in history, including the theories surrounding 9/11 and the transformative impact of information revolutions from printing to the internet on our understanding of historical change. With a narrative that weaves through the ages, we delve deep into discussions on how events are interconnected and the ways in which history repeats itself, offering lessons for the future.

Through Bruce's expert lens, we explore not just the events that have shaped our world, but the underlying forces driving historical change. Whether you're a history buff, a student of human progress, or simply curious about the world around you, this episode promises to enlighten, challenge, and inspire.

Tune in to Explaining History for a conversation that transcends time, offering a fresh perspective on the world we've inherited and where we're headed next.

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In "Mexico, America, and NAFTA 1994-1995," we delve into the intricate web of economic, political, and social ramifications of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in the mid-90s, guided by insights from John Gray's seminal work, "False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism." This episode sheds light on the high hopes and harsh realities that followed the implementation of NAFTA, focusing on the promise of seamless trade and prosperity versus the actual outcomes for local economies, labour markets, and national sovereignty.

We start by exploring the foundational goals of NAFTA, aimed at eliminating trade barriers between Mexico, Canada, and the United States, and fostering economic growth through increased trade and investment. Drawing from Gray's critique, we discuss the ideological underpinnings of free-market capitalism as championed by global institutions and how NAFTA became a test case for these principles.

The episode then zooms in on Mexico's experience, highlighting the immediate economic turbulence that followed NAFTA's implementation, including the 1994 peso crisis and its long-term implications for Mexican workers and industries. Through Gray's lens, we examine the fallout of globalization on local economies and the widening inequality gap, challenging the assumption that free trade inevitably leads to mutual benefits.

Finally, the episode reflects on the broader implications of NAFTA as a microcosm of global economic integration, considering how Gray's "False Dawn" frames the disillusionment with globalization and the rethinking of economic policies in the 21st century. Through expert interviews and analysis, we unpack the complex legacy of NAFTA and what it teaches us about the challenges and opportunities of navigating a globalized world.

Tune in to this thought-provoking episode of the Explaining History podcast, where we dissect the layers of Mexico, America, and NAFTA through the critical eyes of John Gray, offering listeners a deep dive into the intertwined destinies of nations caught in the wave of global capitalism.

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In this episode of the Explaining History Podcast, we delve into the complex and often overlooked intersection of Neoliberalism and National Liberation Movements during the pivotal decades of the 1940s, 50s, and 60s. Drawing insights from Quinn Slobodian's insightful book "Globalists," we unravel the ideological and practical challenges that the process of decolonization presented to neoliberal thinkers of the era. 

As countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America broke free from colonial rule, the foundational principles of neoliberalism—marked by the advocacy for open markets, free trade, and minimal state intervention—were put to the test. The episode explores the fascinating debate around the feasibility of establishing extraterritorial property rights for corporations in these newly independent nations. Could the neoliberal dream of a global free market withstand the rise of nationalistic aspirations and the desire for economic sovereignty among the newly liberated countries?

Through detailed analysis, we examine how figures within the neoliberal camp responded to this challenge, and how the neoliberals themselves had little time for the aspirations of newly decolonised peoples. This episode sheds light on a critical chapter in global history, revealing the intricate dynamics between economic ideologies and the fight for national self-determination. Join us as we navigate the legacies of these historical debates and their implications for our understanding of global economic policies today.

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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we delve deep into the heart of the twentieth century's most defining conflict: World War II. Often remembered as "The Good War," this episode, inspired by Geoffrey Wheatcroft's insightful essay and Richard Overy's comprehensive study, invites listeners to re-examine the conventional narratives that have shaped our understanding of the war.

Through a meticulous analysis of "World War Two: The Myth of the Good War" and "Blood and Ruins," we uncover the layers of complexity that challenge the black-and-white morality often associated with the Allies' cause. From the strategic bombing campaigns that devastated civilian populations to the political compromises that sowed the seeds of future conflicts, we explore the ethical ambiguities and harsh realities that defy the simplistic notion of good versus evil.

Join us as we navigate the geopolitical chessboard of the 1930s and 1940s, examining the motivations, decisions, and consequences that defined the era. We confront the uncomfortable truths and moral dilemmas faced by nations and leaders, shedding light on the lesser-known aspects of the war that complicate its legacy.

This episode is not just a journey through history but a call to critically engage with our past, understanding that the myths we hold dear often obscure the nuanced truths that can teach us invaluable lessons about humanity, war, and the price of peace.

Tune in to "World War Two: The Good War" on the Explaining History podcast, and prepare to see one of history's most significant events in a new light.

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2014/dec/09/-sp-myth-of-the-good-war

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Hi everyone, I get trolled from time to time on Twitter by various far right types who object to a particular video I did years ago which states that Hitler was not, in fact, a socialist and did not , in fact, have socialist ideas. Here I revisit the argument, though I doubt it will do me much good.

Anyway, would love to hear your thoughts (unless you want to tell me he is a socialist, and whilst I'm all for free discourse, you should know that I've heard this one before, lots).

Thanks

Nick

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In this thought-provoking episode of the Explaining History podcast, we delve into the often overlooked conservative resistance on American college campuses during the height of the counter-culture movement. Join us as we sit down with Lauren Lassabe Shepherd, academic at the University of New Orleans and distinguished historian and author, who sheds light on the dynamic and complex interactions between conservative students and the liberal ideologies that defined much of the 1960s and 70s academic landscape.

Through our conversation, Lauren provides a nuanced analysis of the motivations, strategies, and impacts of right-wing student organizations and their efforts to challenge and shape campus culture and policies. From sit-ins and protests to the intellectual debates that raged within classroom walls, we explore the breadth of conservative activism that countered the era's prevailing liberal norms.

This episode offers listeners a unique perspective on a pivotal moment in American educational and political history, highlighting the diversity of thought and activism that contributed to shaping contemporary campus climates. Whether you're a history enthusiast, a student of political science, or someone curious about the complex interplay of ideologies in education, this conversation with Lauren Lassabe Shepherd offers invaluable insights into the forces that have influenced American colleges and universities.

Tune in to "Resistance from the Right: America's Campus Backlash Against the Counter Culture" for a deep dive into a fascinating aspect of America's educational and political history that continues to resonate today.

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In this insightful episode of the Explaining History Podcast, we delve into a pivotal period in British history - the years 1968-1970 under the leadership of Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Chancellor of the Exchequer, Roy Jenkins. Drawing from Kenneth O. Morgan's meticulously researched book "The People's Peace," we explore the significant economic challenges and austerity measures that defined this era.

As Britain faced mounting economic pressures, Wilson and Jenkins's policies aimed to stabilize the economy and curb inflation, leading to a series of austerity measures that had profound impacts on the British society and politics. This episode examines the delicate balance they attempted to strike between economic necessity and political feasibility.

We'll discuss the backdrop of global economic trends, the pressures of the Cold War, and domestic political dynamics that influenced their decisions. Furthermore, we'll look at the social and cultural shifts occurring in Britain during this period and how these interacted with the government's economic policies.

Join us as we unravel the complexities of this crucial period in British history, shedding light on how the decisions of Wilson and Jenkins have shaped the economic and political landscape of modern Britain. Whether you're a history buff, a student of economics, or just curious about the past, this episode offers a compelling glimpse into an era of transformation and challenge.

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Hi everyone, this is a podcast I should have done a couple of months ago and I have been remise in not creating it sooner. This are some thoughts on the ongoing genocide of the Palestinian people in Gaza.

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In this captivating episode of the Explaining History podcast, we sit down with David Slattery-Christy, author of "Flyte Or Fancy," to delve into the tragic and fascinating life of aristocrat Harry Clifton. Join us as we explore the tumultuous world of Harry Clifton, a figure whose life story reads like a novel, filled with grandeur, crisis, and heartbreak. David Slattery-Christybrings to life the compelling narrative of Clifton, heir to a vast family fortune that was squandered in a lifetime. An eccentric interwar figure and an increasingly isolated and lonely man later in life, Clifton was the reluctant custodian of a fortune amassed from land ownership over several centuries. His forays into film production in Hollywood made him a target for crooks and con artists, and by his death in 1979, most of the money was gone. From his extravagant lifestyle to his lonely demise, we discuss how Clifton's story offers a unique window into the aristocratic world of his time and the declining fotunes of the British aristocracy in the 20th Century.

You can buy Flyte of Fancy here and David's biography of Ivor Novello (also mentioned in this week's episode) here

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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we turn our focus to the remarkable life and enduring legacy of Merze Tate, a groundbreaking intellectual whose contributions have left an indelible mark on the study of international relations, disarmament, colonialism and post colonialism, race, gender and injustice. Joining us for this exploration is esteemed Professor Barbara Savage, an expert in African American history and culture.

Professor Savage guides us through the extraordinary journey of Merze Tate, the first African American woman to attend the University of Oxford and to earn a Ph.D. in government from Radcliffe College. We delve into Tate's remarkable achievements in a time of significant racial and gender barriers, highlighting her role as a pioneer in academia and diplomacy.

The discussion illuminates Tate's influential work as a historian and political scientist, where she challenged conventional narratives and offered fresh perspectives on international relations and peace studies. Professor Savage shares insights into Tate's unique approach to scholarship and her impact on the field, particularly in understanding the dynamics of imperialism and disarmament.

Listeners will gain a deeper appreciation for Tate's contributions, not only as a scholar but also as a role model and mentor to many. The episode also touches on the challenges Tate faced, including the racial and gender discrimination of her era, and how she navigated these obstacles with resilience.

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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we dive deep into the complex legacy of Che Guevara, the iconic revolutionary figure whose image has transcended generations. Our special guest, acclaimed author Otto English, joins us to discuss his new book, "Fake Heroes," which critically examines the myths and realities surrounding Che Guevara.

English, known for his incisive analysis and engaging storytelling, sheds light on the lesser-known aspects of Guevara's life and the consequences of his actions. The episode navigates through Guevara's journey from a young idealist to a key figure in the Cuban Revolution, questioning the romanticized portrayal that often overshadows the more contentious aspects of his legacy.

Listeners will be treated to a nuanced conversation that delves into how Guevara's image has been commodified and romanticized over the years, often at the expense of historical accuracy. English brings a fresh perspective, challenging the traditional narratives and exploring the dichotomy between Guevara's ideals and the methods he employed to achieve them.

This episode is a must-listen for history enthusiasts and anyone interested in understanding the complexities of revolutionary icons. Join us as we unpack the myths, explore the controversies, and gain a deeper understanding of Che Guevara through the critical lens of Otto English's research and insights.

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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we delve into the clandestine world of the Special Air Service (SAS) during its critical missions in Italy from 1943 to 1945. Joining us is n historian and author Damien Lewis, an expert on the SAS, whose new book "Forged in Hell" meticulously chronicles this intriguing chapter of World War II history.

Lewis provides captivating insights into the daring and audacious raids carried out by the SAS, shedding light on the unwavering bravery and unique military ethos that defined this elite unit. We explore how these soldiers operated deep behind enemy lines, facing not only the relentless threats from the Axis forces but also the uncertainty of their future due to the scepticism and opposition from senior figures within their own military ranks.

Throughout the episode, we unravel the tactics, challenges, and triumphs of the SAS, understanding their pivotal role in the broader context of the war. Lewis shares anecdotes and stories, many of which are untold until now, bringing to life the sheer determination and ingenuity of these soldiers.

Whether you're a military history enthusiast, a fan of untold war stories, or simply intrigued by the SAS's legendary reputation, this episode promises to be a captivating journey into the heart of covert operations and unyielding courage. Don't miss this deep dive into history with Damien Lewis, as we uncover the legacy and indomitable spirit of the SAS in Italy during World War II.

So, tune in, and prepare to be transported back in time to the treacherous terrains of Italy, where the SAS fought not just for victory, but for their very existence and recognition.

You can buy the book here

And if you've enjoyed today's podcast and would like to support with a one off donation,you can do so here

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 Winthrop Bell is probably the most important spy you've never heard of. In this episode of the Explaining History podcast we hear about his life and exploits and his attempts during the 1930s to draw attention to the growing threat that Nazism posed. Academic and author Jason Bell joins us on the podcast to discuss the life, career and legacy of Winthrop Bell and his new book Cracking the Nazi Code.

You can order a copy of the book here

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In this episode of Explaining History, we delve deep into the origins and enduring impact of one of the world's most powerful hymns: "Amazing Grace." A song that has transcended boundaries of religion, race, and nation, it has served as an anthem for both the abolition of slavery and the civil rights movement in the United States.

Joining us for this exploration is the esteemed Professor Emeritus James Walvin, an expert in the history of slavery and abolition. Professor Walvin traces the hymn's beginnings with John Newton, a former slave trader turned abolitionist. We uncover the layers of meaning the song acquired as it traveled through history, especially during tumultuous periods of societal upheaval and transformation during the civil rights struggles of the 19th and 20th Centuries.

Hear stories of how "Amazing Grace" provided hope to enslaved Africans, galvanized abolitionists, and later inspired civil rights leaders. Learn how a simple hymn could evoke such powerful emotions, bridging the gap between generations, cultures, and political movements. 

Whether you're a history enthusiast, a music lover, or someone curious about the intertwining of art and social change, this episode promises a harmonious blend of historical insight and emotional resonance.

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**Highlights:** 

- The transformative journey of John Newton from a slave trader to a clergyman and abolitionist.

- The early influences and iterations of "Amazing Grace."

- The hymn's role in the American abolitionist movement.

- The resurgence of "Amazing Grace" during the Civil Rights Movement.

- Personal anecdotes from Professor Walvin on the hymn's influence in contemporary times.

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James Walvin’s published work has been largely in the field of slavery and modern British Social History. In 2019-20 he held the position of Distinguished Fellow in the History and Culture of the Americas, at the Huntington Library. He previously held fellowships at Yale University, The University of the West Indies, the Australian National University and the University of Edinburgh.

For twenty years he co-edited the journal Slavery and Abolition.

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In this thought-provoking episode, we sit down with esteemed historian David Veevers to discuss his latest work, "The Great Defiance." Beyond the usual tales of empire-building and domination, Veevers sheds light on the often overlooked stories of those who stood up, resisted, and defied the might of English and later British colonizers throughout the early modern period. Together, we delve deep into the rich tapestry of histories that highlight the resilience, courage, and tenacity of communities across the globe. Through "Defiant Empire," Veevers challenges traditional narratives, pushing listeners to reconsider what they thought they knew about colonization. Join us as we embark on a journey that re-centers the experiences and voices of the defiant, and offers a fresh perspective on a chapter of history too crucial to be forgotten.

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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, I'm joined by Professor Chad Williams to explore the life and thought of W.E.B. Du Bois, the foremost intellectual of the civil rights movement. We discuss his complex and often difficult relationship with the First World War and its aftermath and his unfinished work, African Americans and the Wounded World. This is a fascinating discussion of Du Bois's life, his intellectual journey and his significance.

If you like this episode, remember so subscribe through the platform you're using to get weekly episodes and interviews.

The Explaining History podcast is sustained by the generosity of its listeners (and a tiny trickle of ad revenue, but it's mainly you guys) - if you can support the podcast with a one off donation, you can do so here

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In this episode, I've had the pleasure of talking with a good friend of the podcast, Alvaro Gomez Velasco, our eyewitness on contemporary politics in Spain. We explore the recent rise of right wing populism across Europe and the growth of the Vox movement in Spain. Examining the legacy of Franco, the suppression of the Catalan independence movement and the issue of immigration, we explore the reasons for a resurgence of the right in Spain and the prospects for the left in the future.

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Description:

In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we embark on a journey through modern economic history, tracing the evolution of global free markets from the height of Victorian Britain to the transformative concepts of Francis Fukuyama's "End of History." Drawing insights from the seminal work "False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism" by renowned scholar John Gray, we delve deep into the intricate web of economic, political, and social forces that have shaped our world.

This episode guides us through a narrative that illuminates the critical junctures, key figures, and paradigm-shifting events that have defined the trajectory of global capitalism. With a keen focus on historical context and nuanced analysis, we examine the rise of free markets during the 19th century, their role in the world wars, and their triumph during the late 20th century.

John Gray's incisive critique serves as our compass, challenging us to reconsider the assumptions that underpin the global capitalist system. As we explore the promises and pitfalls of unrestricted markets, we question whether Fukuyama's vision of "The End of History" has truly come to pass or if it remains an elusive goal.

Whether you're a history enthusiast, an economics buff, or simply curious about the forces that have shaped our modern world, this episode offers a captivating exploration of global free markets' tumultuous journey, underpinned by the invaluable insights of John Gray's "False Dawn." Join us on this intellectual odyssey as we navigate the complex terrain of capitalism's evolution and its enduring impact on our lives.

Here's a link to the Explaining History Buy me a coffee page, any and all donations gratefully accepted.

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This episode takes our listeners on a remarkable journey into the tumultuous period of the 1970s in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, as seen through the lens of James McManus, the former Africa correspondent for The Guardian. McManus was not just a journalist chronicling events from the periphery; he was in the thick of it, engaging with pivotal figures who would shape the course of the nation's history.

In an era marked by political upheaval, civil strife, and a tug-of-war for power, McManus met the staunchly pro-white minority rule leader, Ian Smith. His insights into this enigmatic figure shed light on the psyche of a leader desperately clinging to the vestiges of colonial rule. Equally compelling is his account of Robert Mugabe, the charismatic anti-colonial leader, whose transition from liberator to dictator left an indelible mark on Zimbabwe.

Yet, McManus' narrative is not limited to these towering figures. He delves into his encounters with a myriad of African nationalist leaders, painting a multi-faceted picture of a continent in flux, and a nation on the cusp of monumental change. Drawing from these rich experiences, McManus has penned his latest novel, "Love in a Lost Land," a poignant tale that encapsulates the passion, peril, and paradoxes of this transformative period.

Join us for a deep dive into an era that redefined the African continent, as told by an eyewitness who stood at the crossroads of history. Whether you're a history aficionado or simply intrigued by personal tales that mirror broader societal shifts, this episode promises a captivating listen.

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**Explaining History Podcast Episode Description:**

In the highly anticipated second installment of our conversations with the esteemed Professor Jean Phaelzer, author of the groundbreaking work, "California: A Slave State," we delve deeper into the interwoven tapestry of California's historical landscape. The Gold Rush, a period synonymous with opportunity and prosperity, bore witness to the dark side of fortune as it intersected with the repercussions of the Fugitive Slave Act. 

The Gold Rush not only lured countless individuals with the promise of golden riches, but it also inadvertently became a playing field for slave owners to exploit the Fugitive Slave Act, transforming California into a contentious battleground for slavery's final stand in the West. This episode elucidates the complex dynamics between runaway slaves seeking refuge, opportunistic slave catchers, and the mounting tensions in a territory grappling with its identity.

Yet, the episode does not merely halt at this juncture of history. Prof. Phaelzer expertly bridges the past with the present as she exposes the insidious birth of the American carceral state. Born from the ashes of this era was the unofficial slavery of prison labor, a system that continued to tether marginalized communities to systemic oppression and economic exploitation. This clandestine practice has deeply influenced modern policies and perceptions surrounding incarceration, and its roots lie surprisingly close to the gold-laden hills of California.

Join us in this captivating journey as we uncover the obscured truths of California's past and its indelible mark on the America we know today.

You can purchase California: A Slave State here

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In this episode, we navigate the contemporary debates around colonialism, empire and slavery and its resonating echoes in modern culture wars with the guidance of Professor Alan Lester. As an eminent historian, Alan brings profound insight into the intricate relationship between colonial legacies and the contemporary debates surrounding them.

Together, we journey into the heart of the British Empire, examining its impact on the world and, more importantly, how it's remembered and debated today. Why are discussions about the Empire so polarized? How have past actions and decisions shaped present-day perspectives? And, crucially, how can we approach this topic in a divisive and politically charged environment?

Professor Lester sheds light on these questions, offering both historical context and nuanced strategies for fostering constructive dialogues about the Empire in today's culture wars.

Dive into "Colonialism and Culture Wars: In Conversation with Professor Alan Lester" for a thought-provoking exploration that bridges the past with present-day challenges. This episode is not just a history lesson; it's a guide to understanding and navigating one of the most contested terrains in contemporary discourse.

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n this eye-opening episode, we journey into the often-overlooked history of slavery in California, guided by the insights of Professor Jean Pfaelzer, author of the seminal book, "California: A Slave State."

Pfaelzer's groundbreaking research uncovers a hidden chapter of California's past, where the institution of slavery played a significant, if clandestine, role. Through an engaging conversation, we explore the legal, political, and social mechanisms that allowed slavery to exist in a state that, ostensibly, had outlawed the practice.

We discuss the complex and contradictory laws, such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, that both supported and clashed with California's "Free State" status. We also examine the lived experiences of those who were enslaved, their struggles, triumphs, and the lasting impact on their descendants.

This episode illuminates a neglected part of American history and challenges our understanding of the Golden State's legacy. By tracing the intricate web of laws, politics, and personal narratives, we paint a vivid picture of a California that is far removed from its popular mythos.

Tune in to "Slavery in California: In Conversation with Jean Pfaelzer" for an engaging and thought-provoking exploration that will leave you with a deeper understanding of California's complex past and its enduring impact on present-day issues of race and justice. Whether you are a student of history, an avid reader, or someone looking to broaden their understanding of American history, this episode offers valuable insights that will provoke reflection and discussion.

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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we delve into the intellectual climate of 1930s Europe, as detailed in Richard Overy's illuminating work, "The Morbid Age." The episode seeks to uncover the complex web of fears, anxieties, and escalating tensions that pervaded Britain and the broader European landscape, leading many to view the outbreak of war as an inevitability by the late 1930s.

The 1930s, marked by economic turmoil, political instability, and the rise of totalitarian ideologies, were a period of profound apprehension. Overy's book provides a rich backdrop against which we explore this era, characterized by a deep-seated dread of the imminent war.

This episode traverses the intricate maze of the public consciousness during this tense period, from the intellectual debates raging in Britain to the pervading sense of dread that gripped the European continent. We examine how, against this backdrop of escalating international tension, war was increasingly viewed not as a possibility, but as an impending reality.

We shed light on how intellectuals, commentators, and the general populace grappled with this looming specter of conflict. From fears of aerial bombardment and the potential for total societal collapse, to the chilling realities of the totalitarian regimes emerging in Europe, this episode delves into the psyche of a continent on the brink of cataclysm.

Tune in to this in-depth exploration of a Europe gripped by fear, forever shadowed by the looming specter of war. This journey into the heart of the 'Morbid Age' offers invaluable insights into a critical period in our history, shaping our understanding of the years leading up to World War II.

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In the first episode of our exploration into "Roots and Culture" by Eddie Chambers, we delve into the history of Black Britain from 1948 to 1989. This period witnessed a profound shift in Britain's cultural, social, and racial landscape, marked by the arrival of the Windrush Generation in 1948 and culminating with the end of the 1980s.

In this episode, we navigate the complex tapestry of Black British history, charting the experiences, struggles, and triumphs of Black communities within Britain. We delve into the intricate web of immigration, systemic racism, cultural heritage, and identity formation that defines this era.

The tale unfolds with the arrival of the Empire Windrush at Tilbury Docks, bringing the first large group of Caribbean migrants to the UK. This pivotal moment marked the beginning of significant Black immigration to Britain, shaping the multicultural society we know today.

Throughout the subsequent decades, Black Britons forged a space for themselves in the face of adversity, enriching Britain with their unique culture, talents, and resilience. Despite persistent challenges, their legacy resonates in every facet of British society – from music and arts to politics and sports.

Join us as we journey through this dynamic period in history, unveiling the vibrant and often overlooked narrative of Black Britain. The lessons learnt from this saga of resilience and cultural revolution hold vital importance for our understanding of modern Britain.

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In the second episode of our deep dive into the months prior to Stalingrad, reading Max Hastings' "All Hell Let Loose," we shift our gaze to a pivotal moment in 1942. This was a year marked by startling contrasts between the strategic decision-making processes in the Kremlin and the Führerbunker.

We explore how the relentless calamities faced by the Red Army on the Eastern Front became a powerful catalyst for change. Recognizing the fatal errors of his overbearing control, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin took a step back. He acknowledged the necessity of delegating military decisions to his generals - a move that would later prove decisive for the USSR's war efforts.

On the other side of the front, Adolf Hitler took a strikingly different course of action. Overwhelmed by hubris, he firmly believed in his unrivalled command prowess. Disregarding the wise counsel of his experienced generals, Hitler chose to marginalize these critical voices within the German High Command. This grave mistake set the stage for what would eventually become the most catastrophic military blunder of the war: the assault on Stalingrad.

The German war machine, fuelled by Hitler's ambition, rolled onwards in the summer of 1942, spanning an imposing 500-mile front. Hitler's decision to seize Leningrad - deviating from the initial plan of enforcing a siege to starve the city into submission - forced additional resources to be redirected northwards.

In this episode, we examine these strategic blunders and their far-reaching repercussions, as we continue to navigate the labyrinthine path of World War II history through the lens of Max Hastings' insightful narrative. Tune in to explore how the ideological tunnel vision of these leaders dictated the course of the war and sealed the fate of countless lives.

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In this episode of Explaining History, we dive into the tumultuous events of World War II's Eastern Front, focusing on the German victories in the Caucasus region during the spring and summer of 1942. Drawing upon insights from Max Hastings's masterful book, "All Hell Let Loose," we present a comprehensive account of this critical phase of the war.

Our exploration begins with the German Wehrmacht's ambitious summer offensive, Case Blue, aimed at seizing the oil-rich Caucasus and the strategic city of Stalingrad.

Guided by Hastings's meticulous research, we dissect the military strategies and battlefield manoeuvres that allowed Germany to achieve initial successes in this gruelling campaign.

However, these victories didn't come without significant costs. We delve into the tremendous human toll and logistical challenges that the Wehrmacht faced in the unforgiving terrain and climate of the Caucasus. We further examine how these victories sowed the seeds for the catastrophic German defeat in Stalingrad, marking a turning point in the war.

Our conversation also illuminates the larger context of the war, including the strategic importance of the Caucasus for both Axis and Soviet forces, and how the battles in this region influenced the broader trajectory of World War II.

Whether you're a seasoned history buff, a military enthusiast, or a student eager to delve into the intricate dynamics of the Second World War, this episode promises a wealth of insights. Join us as we navigate through the intricate details of the German Caucasus campaign, shedding light on the human stories and strategic decisions that shaped this pivotal period of the war.

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In this thought-provoking episode of Explaining History, we turn our focus to a pivotal period in Latin American economic history - the collapse of Mexican neoliberalism between 1994-5. Drawing from John Gray's incisive book "False Dawn," we delve into the intricacies of this economic implosion and its far-reaching implications.

Our exploration takes us through the establishment of neoliberal economic policies in Mexico, their relationship with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and how these intertwined factors contributed to an economic crisis that shook the nation.

Gray's insightful analysis provides a compelling backdrop as we dissect the Mexican government's struggles with mounting debt, the challenge to its sovereignty, and the turbulent relationship with its NAFTA partners, chiefly the United States. We delve deep into the underlying assumptions of neoliberalism and how these principles contributed to the financial meltdown in Mexico.

Our conversation also touches on the 'Tequila Crisis,' the international financial panic triggered by the abrupt devaluation of the Mexican peso in December 1994. We discuss how these financial shocks reverberated far beyond Mexico, creating ripple effects that had significant implications for global economic systems and the viability of neoliberalism as an economic model.

Whether you're an economics student, history enthusiast, or just someone interested in understanding the forces that shape our global economy, this episode provides a comprehensive exploration of a critical historical event. Join us as we unravel the complexities of Mexico's financial crisis and take a closer look at the broader effects of neoliberal policy on the world stage.

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In this compelling episode of Explaining History, we delve deep into the ideological and historical currents that gave rise to Maoism, the influential doctrine of China's revolutionary leader, Mao Zedong. Drawing from Julia Lovell's profound work, "Maoism: A Global History," we aim to demystify Mao's philosophy and its global impact.

Our exploration takes us from the early seeds of Mao's political thought, encapsulated in his infamous aphorism "Power comes from the barrel of a gun," to its implementation during his reign and its repercussions that resonate in China and across the globe even today.

We discuss how Mao's philosophy extended beyond mere political theory, shaping China's societal and cultural structures in profound ways. Lovell's comprehensive account guides us through the intricate web of Mao's policies, their intended and unintended consequences, and how his doctrine went on to influence numerous revolutionary movements worldwide.

We examine the ideological transformation of a nation and its people, considering the breadth and depth of Maoism in Chinese society and its foreign policy. Furthermore, we delve into the international manifestations of Maoism, investigating its global reach from the rice fields of rural Asia to the political battlegrounds of the African continent and even into the heart of Western academia.

Whether you're a student of history, political science, or international relations, or someone simply intrigued by the significant ideologies that have shaped our world, this episode promises to be an enlightening tour through one of the 20th century's most influential and controversial political doctrines.

Join us on this journey through history as we untangle the complexities of Maoism, its origins, its implications, and its lasting legacy in the ever-evolving global political landscape.

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Join us on this episode of Explaining History, where we journey back to one of the most politically turbulent eras in American history. We're privileged to have Mary McNeil, a renowned historian and scholar, as our guide through the labyrinth of events that transpired from the release of the Pentagon Papers to the fall of the Nixon administration in the Watergate scandal.

Mary elucidates the critical roles that Daniel Ellsberg and John Dean played in these defining moments of the early 1970s. She sheds light on Ellsberg, the military analyst who risked everything to leak the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret study revealing government deception about the Vietnam War. On the other side of the equation, we delve into the actions of John Dean, White House Counsel under President Nixon, whose testimony about the Watergate cover-up contributed significantly to Nixon's resignation.

Our conversation delves deep into the crucial role the Washington Post played in these events, from their brave decision to publish the Pentagon Papers, to their dogged reporting on the Watergate scandal, which exemplifies the power of the press in holding the government accountable.

We further dissect the often complex relationships between journalists and their subjects, exploring the boundaries and responsibilities of the press. Our discussion challenges the traditional perception of journalism's role in political discourse and provides a fascinating exploration of how media can shape, influence, and ultimately, change the course of history.

Whether you're a history enthusiast, a journalism student, or simply a seeker of intriguing narratives, this episode promises a riveting deep dive into a critical period of American history and its enduring legacy on politics and media. Join us in this enlightening journey through the annals of investigative journalism and political accountability, where truth often proves stranger than fiction.

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In this episode of Explaining History, we turn our focus from world events to a pivotal moment in pop culture history: the infamous legal battle between music superstar Elton John and the British tabloid, The Sun. Based on John Sweeney's insightful feature, "The Sun and the Star," from the "Faber Book of Pop" anthology, we unravel the intricate story behind one of the most high-profile libel cases of the 1980s.

Our exploration takes us through the tumultuous relationship between the media and celebrity culture, set against the backdrop of the fast-paced and scandal-driven world of British tabloid journalism. We dissect the dynamics of this epic battle, where Elton John took on The Sun's sensationalist reporting, claiming defamation and fighting for his privacy.

The episode delves into how the case unfolded, the consequences it had for both parties involved, and the wider implications for press freedom and privacy rights. As Sweeney's feature deftly illuminates, this was not merely a feud between a pop star and a newspaper, but a watershed moment that challenged the boundaries of media ethics and celebrity privacy.

We also consider the broader societal context of the 1980s, highlighting the role of the media in shaping public perception, and the emergence of celebrities as powerful figures in their own right.

Join us as we step back into this riveting period of pop history, examining the tension and the impact of this landmark case on celebrity and media relations.

Whether you're a fan of pop culture, interested in media studies, or just love a good story of David Vs Goliath, this episode of Explaining History is a fascinating look at an event that helped shape the landscape of modern celebrity culture.

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In this captivating episode of Explaining History, we delve into the profound historical moments leading to the end of World War II with our special guest, acclaimed writer and historian, Evan Thomas.

As the author of numerous bestselling books and an expert in American history and foreign policy, Thomas guides us through the fraught final days of the Pacific War. He elaborates on the intricate blend of military strategy, diplomatic negotiations, and human psychology that marked this tumultuous period.

We explore how the relentless Allied advances and devastating aerial bombardments, including the unprecedented atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, contributed to Japan's decision to surrender. Thomas provides fresh insights into the complex calculations of Japan's leadership and the Emperor's role in the surrender, breaking down the myths and misconceptions.

Our conversation also scrutinizes the effects of these final manoeuvres on both sides of the conflict and their broader impact on the post-war world. Additionally, we discuss the moral, ethical, and historical debates that continue to surround these events.

Join us for this thought-provoking journey into one of the most critical periods in global history, offering a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics that ultimately brought World War II to its dramatic conclusion.

Whether you're a history buff, a student looking for comprehensive insights, or someone fascinated by the influences shaping our world, this episode of Explaining History with Evan Thomas will leave you with a broader understanding and deeper appreciation of these significant historical events.

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In this episode, we delve deep into the dynamic period in British history spanning 1945 to 1990. Our exploration is based on "The People's Peace" by esteemed historian Kenneth O. Morgan, who masterfully encapsulates the cultural, social, and political transformation of post-war Britain.

We open with the euphoria of victory in 1945 and the advent of the welfare state under the Labour government. Drawing on Morgan's in-depth research, we trace the rise of collectivism, the spirit of cooperation, and the development of pivotal institutions like the National Health Service, a beacon of British society.

The episode moves on to consider the societal and political challenges that arose in the face of post-war optimism, delving into the complex interplay of conflicts and consensus in this period.

In the latter part of the episode, we navigate the turbulent '70s and '80s, looking at the rise of Thatcherism and the decline of collectivism. We discuss the social and economic transformations under Thatcher's government, the miners' strike, and the growing societal division.

Throughout the episode, we take a closer look at the daily lives of the British people, highlighting the significant shifts in social norms, living standards, and cultural values. "Post-War British Society: Collectivism, Cooperation, Conflict 1945-1990" promises an engaging, comprehensive, and nuanced understanding of this transformative period in British history. Whether you're a history buff, student, or simply curious about the past, this episode offers a captivating insight into the decades that fundamentally reshaped Britain.

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In this thought-provoking episode of the Explaining History Podcast, historian we delve into the captivating world of war reporting during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Drawing inspiration from the renowned book "The First Casualty" by Phillip Knightley, we explore the intricate landscape of journalism, censorship, and chaos that unfolded during this pivotal moment in history.

The episode takes us on a compelling journey through the challenges faced by journalists attempting to report on the realities of war within the Soviet Union. We delve into the harsh conditions, censorship mechanisms, and propaganda efforts that shaped the narrative surrounding the conflict.

Using Knightley's groundbreaking research and insights, the episode uncovers the struggles faced by both foreign correspondents and Soviet reporters as they navigated the complexities of reporting from the frontlines. We examine the pressures they encountered, the risks they took, and the compromises they made to convey the truth amidst a web of censorship and propaganda.

Through vivid storytelling and historical analysis, the episode paints a vivid picture of the chaos and confusion that permeated the war reporting landscape. We explore the information gaps, conflicting narratives, and challenges of transmitting accurate accounts of the war to the public.

Furthermore, we examine the broader implications of war reporting in the USSR and its impact on public perception, military morale, and the shaping of historical memory. We analyze the role of propaganda and censorship in manipulating public opinion and the subsequent challenges faced by historians in uncovering the truth.

By the end of this gripping episode, listeners will gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances of war reporting during Operation Barbarossa.

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In today's podcast I chat with Jason Bell about his book Cracking the Nazi Code, the story of Winthrop Bell, a Canadian academic and MI6 agent who witnessed the rise of Nazism first hand.

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Join historian us on a journey into the intricate world of international politics during the aftermath of World War I in the latest episode of the Explaining History Podcast. In this episode, titled "Anglo-American Liberalism and the Mandate System 1918-1919," we delve into the clash between imperial ambitions, paternalism, and the ideals of Wilsonian internationalism.

We will unravel the complex dynamics that unfolded at the Paris Peace Conference, where the victors of the war convened to shape the post-war world order. Focusing on the pivotal issue of mandates, we explore how Britain and France's imperial aspirations had to contend with the emerging influence of American and British liberalism.

Throughout the episode, we navigate the ideological fault lines that emerged during the negotiations, as the imperial powers sought to maintain their dominance while grappling with the principles of self-determination and the promotion of democracy advocated by President Woodrow Wilson.

We delve into the historical context that shaped the mandates system, a compromise between imperial control and the call for national sovereignty. This episode sheds light on the motivations and tensions that guided the decision-making process, highlighting the delicate balance between promoting stability and safeguarding the interests of indigenous populations.

With meticulous research and expert analysis, we explore the impact of the mandates system on various regions, including the Middle East and Africa. We examine how this system created a unique blend of imperial rule and international oversight, setting the stage for future struggles and complexities in these territories.

This episode examines the legacy of Anglo-American liberalism and its enduring influence on global politics. We discuss the tensions between self-interest, paternalism, and the ideals of a liberal international order, shedding light on the lasting implications of this pivotal moment in history.

By the end of this captivating episode, listeners will gain a deep understanding of the intricate web of competing ideologies and interests that shaped the mandates system and its aftermath. We unveil the complexities of Anglo-American liberalism, imperial ambitions, and the ideals of Wilsonian internationalism during this transformative period.

Tune in to the Explaining History Podcast and join us as we explore the fascinating clash of ideologies, the creation of the mandates system, and the lasting impact of these historical developments on our modern world.

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Welcome to a captivating episode of the Explaining History Podcast, we take an insightful journey into the legacy of Mussolini's historical memory in Italy. In this episode, titled "Mussolini's Mausoleum," our focus centers on the site where his remains are interred, located in Predappio, Italy.

We delve into the fascinating history surrounding the mausoleum and its significance as a symbol of Mussolini's enduring impact on Italian society. Join us as we navigate the complex emotions, controversies, and conflicting narratives that surround this poignant location.

Throughout the episode, we explore the historical context of Mussolini's rise to power and the creation of a fascist regime in Italy. We examine the construction of Predappio as a cult-like pilgrimage site for fascist sympathizers, where Mussolini's burial place became an emblematic space for the perpetuation of fascist ideology and nostalgia.

Drawing on Keith Lowe's Prisoners of History, we unravel the layers of historical memory associated with Mussolini and his mausoleum. We delve into the public reception of the site, exploring the varied perspectives of Italians who view it as either a place of reverence, a reminder of a dark past, or an opportunity for critical reflection.

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Episode Description:

In the latest instalment of the Explaining History Podcast, join us as we delve into the multifaceted nature of Thatcherism, a political ideology that has left an indelible mark on British society. This episode, titled "Thatcherism's Contradictions, 1975-2023," explores the intricate relationship between social conservatism and economic liberalism, which have often found themselves in conflict during the era shaped by the Iron Lady.

The show takes us on a captivating journey through the key events, policies, and ideologies that characterized the Thatcher years, spanning from 1975 all the way up to the present day. We uncover the profound contradictions that emerged within Thatcherism, dissecting the tension between the desire for a more socially traditional Britain and the push for a free-market economy.

Exploring the writing of philosopher John Gray, the podcast navigates the complex interplay between these seemingly opposing forces within Thatcherism. On one hand, we witness the rise of social conservatism, which sought to reinvigorate traditional values and norms in response to societal shifts. From the contentious battle over Section 28 to the heightened focus on law and order, we explore the ideological motivations behind these policies and their impact on communities across the nation.

Simultaneously, the episode examines the triumphs and pitfalls of economic liberalism under Thatcher's governance. We delve into the deregulation of industries, privatization of state-owned assets, and the transformation of the British economy. We analyze the ideological underpinnings of Thatcher's economic policies and the subsequent consequences for working-class communities, trade unions, and the wider social fabric of the country.

The episode, skillfully weaves together expert insights and historical context to paint a comprehensive picture of Thatcherism's contradictions. By exploring the clash between social conservatism and economic liberalism, we gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and lasting legacies of this influential period in British political history.

So tune in to the latest episode of the Explaining History Podcast and join us on a fascinating exploration of Thatcherism's Contradictions, 1975-2023. Discover how the tension between social conservatism and economic liberalism shaped the political landscape of Britain, leaving an indelible imprint on the nation's social, cultural, and economic fabric.

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In this episode of Explaining History, we are delighted to welcome renowned author and dedicated Francophile, David Lawday. With his extensive knowledge and passion for French history, David delves into the dramatic and impactful events of the Siege of Paris in 1870 and the subsequent Paris Commune.

The year 1870 was a turning point for France, marked by the defeat of Napoleon III and the Siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian War. Lawday brings to life this brutal siege, transporting us back to a city under a 4-month blockade, rife with starvation and desperation. He explores the strategies, key players, and pivotal moments that defined this remarkable period in history.

From there, we explore the tumultuous uprising of the Paris Commune, and how the spirit of revolutionary socialism and radicalism emerged from the ashes of the siege, leading to one of the most radical moments in French history. We explore the impact of the Commune on global movements, and its lingering legacy today.

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This week, we have an intriguing episode as we converse with acclaimed author Philip Augur, who brings to life the tale of John Stonehouse, the controversial Labour MP.

We explore the remarkable and complex narrative depicted in the book 'Agent Twister', co-written with Keely Winstone. Discover Stonehouse's tumultuous journey from political prominence to disgrace, marked by an infamous scandal that astonished the British public, a story truly stranger than fiction.

Our conversation uncovers the man behind the headlines, delivering a nuanced understanding of his life, actions, and legacy. John Stonehouse, the British Labour MP, was a man whose life was as gripping as it was perplexing. Born in 1925, Stonehouse served as an MP for two constituencies over his political career, marking his presence in the British Parliament from 1957 to 1976. However, it was the controversy that eclipsed his achievements and turned him into a figure of national notoriety.

Stonehouse's political career was initially noteworthy. A charismatic orator and dedicated servant of the Labour Party, he championed various causes, including postal services and aviation. As Postmaster General in Harold Wilson's government, Stonehouse was in a position of considerable influence and seemed set for a promising future in British politics.

However, beneath the respectable facade, Stonehouse's life was spinning into a maelstrom of intrigue. Over time, he became embroiled in numerous financial scandals, which eventually led to his dramatic fall from grace, all the time spying for the Czech secret intelligence service. But the defining moment of his career was undoubtedly his audacious attempt to fake his own death in 1974.

Plagued by financial troubles and fearing arrest for fraud, Stonehouse devised an elaborate plan to disappear. He left a pile of clothes on a beach in Miami, leading many to believe he had drowned. He then fled to Australia under a pseudonym, where he hoped to start a new life with his mistress. The audacity of this move stunned the world and resulted in a media frenzy.

However, his escape was short-lived. Less than two months after his disappearance, he was discovered by Australian police and arrested. He was returned to Britain, where he faced a high-profile trial and was subsequently sentenced to seven years in prison for fraud.

The Stonehouse saga, involving politics, scandal, deception, and romance, captivated the nation, transforming him into an infamous figure. Despite the downfall and disgrace, his story continues to hold a fascinating allure, providing a remarkable lens into the human capacity for ambition, deception, and ultimately, self-destruction.

Stonehouse's life story, told with fresh insights and perspectives by Philip Augur and Keely Winstone in their book 'Agent Twister', offers readers an engaging exploration of a man who was as complex as he was controversial.

You can purchase the book here in hardback and also in paperback

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Join us on an enthralling journey into the annals of history as we delve into the extraordinary exploits of the Special Air Service (SAS) during World War Two. In this captivating episode of Explaining History, host [Podcast Host's Name] sits down with acclaimed author and historian, Damien Lewis, to explore the gripping tales of war, trauma, and the birth of modern special forces.

Drawing on extensive research and first hand accounts, Damien Lewis takes us back to the harrowing days of the Second World War when the world hung in the balance. From the sands of North Africa to the treacherous battlefields of Europe, the SAS emerged as an elite force, spearheading daring operations and transforming the nature of warfare forever.

In this thought-provoking conversation, Damien Lewis uncovers the human stories behind the legendary unit, revealing the true impact of war on the individuals who served. Through tales of courage, resilience, and sacrifice, we gain insight into the profound effects of combat on the minds and souls of those who confronted unimaginable horrors.

Examining the origins of the SAS, Damien Lewis takes us back to the pivotal moments when visionary commanders like David Stirling conceived the audacious concept of small and highly trained units capable of striking deep behind enemy lines with lightning speed and precision. We delve into the challenges faced by these early special forces pioneers as they sought to establish an unconventional approach to warfare, pushing the boundaries of traditional military tactics.

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Join us in this captivating episode of Explaining History as we delve into the remarkable life of Isaac Murphy, a legendary African American jockey, and his experiences during the Reconstruction Era (1861-96).

This week Nick is joined by esteemed historian and author Katherine Mooney, who provides an insightful look into the untold stories of this pivotal period in American history. Together, they discuss the challenges faced by African Americans following the Civil War, the complexities of race relations, and how figures like Isaac Murphy navigated their way through these trying times.

You can buy Katherine's biography of Isaac Murphy here

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This podcast episode "Los Angeles and CORE - The Freedom Rides 1947-61" delves into the origins of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and their pivotal role in the civil rights movement. The episode focuses on James Farmer, a civil rights activist and one of the founders of CORE, who was instrumental in organizing the Freedom Rides of 1961 in Alabama and Mississippi.

The Freedom Rides were a series of bus trips taken by civil rights activists to challenge segregation in public transportation. The activists, both black and white, faced brutal violence from the Ku Klux Klan and local authorities, including the notorious Eugene 'Bull' Connor. Despite this, the Freedom Rides gained national attention and brought the issue of segregation to the forefront of American politics.

The podcast also explores the weakness and indifference of President John F. Kennedy's administration towards the civil rights movement. Although Kennedy had initially expressed support for the Freedom Rides, he ultimately failed to take decisive action in response to the violence and discrimination faced by the activists.

Overall, this podcast episode provides a compelling and informative look into the history of the civil rights movement, highlighting the bravery and determination of activists like James Farmer and the ongoing struggle for racial equality in the United States.

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In this captivating episode of the Explaining History podcast, we sit down with Heidi Langbein Hall, author and daughter of World War II survivor Willi Langbein. Heidi shares the harrowing story of her father's life during the war and how his memoirs have been transformed into a powerful book.

At just 13 years old, Willi was taken from his family by the Nazis under the guise of protection. In reality, he and his fellow children were groomed to become sacrificial pawns in the final days of the war. Sent to confront the advancing Russian forces, they were not expected to return alive. Miraculously, Willi survived and returned to a devastated homeland, where he realized the truth behind the lies he had been fed.

Six decades later, Heidi conducted extensive interviews with her father, capturing his experiences and insights. These conversations have been skillfully woven into a compelling book, preserving Willi's story for future generations. With significant distribution throughout Europe and pending foreign rights deals, the memoir is set to make a profound impact on readers worldwide.

In this thought-provoking episode, listeners will gain an intimate understanding of Willi's journey as a child soldier and his subsequent path to healing. Through Heidi's recounting of her father's ordeal, we explore the resilience of the human spirit and the power of truth in the face of deception.

Join us for this unforgettable conversation with Heidi Langbein Hall, as we delve into the true story of a remarkable survivor who defied the odds and reclaimed his life from the clutches of a twisted regime. Don't miss this riveting episode of the Explaining History podcast, where history comes alive through the voices of those who experienced it firsthand.

You can grab a copy of Save the last bullet here

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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we delve into the complex relationships between Asian nationalism and the British Empire in the aftermath of World War II. Focusing on India, Burma, and Malaya, we examine how the war had radicalized nationalist movements in these countries, leading to increasing demands for independence and the eventual end of British colonial rule in the region.

We discuss the impact of the war on these societies, including the disruption of traditional power structures, the mobilization of millions of people for military and industrial purposes, and the emergence of new political ideologies and movements. We also examine how the British responded to these challenges, often relying on force and repression to maintain their control over the region.

Throughout the episode, we explore the different strategies employed by Indian, Burmese, and Malay nationalists to achieve their goals, including mass protests, strikes, and armed resistance. We also consider the role of key figures such as Gandhi, Aung San, and Tunku Abdul Rahman in shaping the course of these movements.

In addition to this episode, history students can find a wealth of study resources and content on the Explaining History website at www.explaininghistory.org. From detailed articles and essays to study guides and interactive timelines, the website offers a range of tools and materials to help students deepen their understanding of key historical events and themes. So be sure to check it out for additional support and guidance on your history studies.

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In this episode, we dive into the strategic challenges faced by the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1914 as they mobilized for World War One. As the empire faced threats from multiple directions, including Serbia, Russia, and Italy, the army struggled to coordinate its response and maintain supply lines to its troops. We explore the political and logistical issues that hampered the Austro-Hungarian war effort and examine the impact of these challenges on the course of the conflict. Join us as we delve into the complexities of one of the key players in the First World War and the difficulties it faced in the early years of the conflict.

For more content and study help, visit the Explaining History website here

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In this special episode of the Explaining History Podcast we hear from biographer Norman Poser, whose new book From the Battlefield to the Stage: The Many Lives of John Burgoyne tells the story of Burgoyne, who famously surrendered to the American armies at Saratoga in 1777. In this fascinating interview we explore the story of Burgoyne himself, the revolutionary war and the nature of parliamentary life in the 18th Century and the foundational ideas of conservatism.

You can grab a copy of Norman Poser's From the Battlefield to the Stage here

And you can also access more history help and resources here at the Explaining History website

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Welcome to the Explaining History Podcast. In this episode, we dive into the American neoliberal counter revolution of the 1970s, a period of profound political and economic change that continues to shape the world we live in today.

During this decade, a new political and economic philosophy emerged, driven by figures like Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics, that sought to roll back the gains of the New Deal and reassert the power of the free market. This movement, called neoliberalism, would have profound effects on American society and on the rest of the world.

In this episode, we explore the key figures and ideas that drove the neoliberal counter revolution, from the deregulation of industries to the privatization of public services, and the resulting increase in income inequality and economic instability. We also examine the political and cultural shifts that accompanied these changes, including the rise of the conservative movement and the decline of labour unions.

Join us as we uncover the complex and often contentious history of the American neoliberal counter revolution of the 1970s, and its lasting impact on our society and economy.

You can access Explaining History Study Guides and Ebooks here

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In this episode, we are exploring the post-war women's movement from a global perspective, focusing on the years 1945 and beyond. The end of World War II marked a turning point for women's rights and activism, as women from all over the world banded together to demand equal treatment and opportunities.

We'll be discussing the key players and events that shaped the post-war women's movement, including the formation of national and international feminist organizations, the impact of decolonization, and the role of women in the workforce.

We'll also examine the challenges that women faced, including resistance from traditional societal norms, cultural and political barriers, and the struggle for reproductive rights.

Join us as we take a comprehensive look at the post-war women's movement, and how it has influenced the fight for gender equality in the decades since.

Check out our expanding learning resources at www.explaininghistory.org

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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast we sit down with Adam Langer, Editor of the Forward podcast, to discuss their latest show "Playing Anne Frank". We delve into the history of the dramatization of Anne Frank's diary and explore the complex politics of the Holocaust on either side of the Iron Curtain during the Cold War. This episode offers a unique perspective on the preservation of Holocaust memory and the impact of politics on cultural narratives. Join us as we gain a deeper understanding of the significance of the play and its place in history.

You can access the show here:

https://forward.com/podcasts/playing-anne-frank/

Also, check out the newly expanded Explaining History site - we're currently adding resources for students of Russian history (with other topics to come soon):

www.explaininghistory.org

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In this episode of the Explaining History Podcast, we dive into the story of the Dulles brothers and their impact on the Eisenhower administration in 1954. We explore the backgrounds of John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles, their rise to power, and the key events of their tenure as Secretary of State and Director of the CIA, respectively. We discuss their role in shaping US foreign policy during the Cold War, including their involvement in the 1954 coup in Guatemala, and the Suez Crisis. We also examine the relationship between the Dulles brothers and President Eisenhower, and the influence they had on his administration.

Key Takeaways:

Discussion Questions:

Links and Further Reading:

Music credit: "RetroFuture Clean" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)

Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we explore the concept of American empire and its role in the framework of modern capitalism, exploring the Making of Modern Capitalism by Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin. The book discusses key points such as the role of the state in modern capitalism, the global power dynamics at play, and the ways in which American empire has shaped the current economic system.

News Update

Are you a student of history looking for extra support and resources? Look no further! We are thrilled to announce that our website, www.explaininghistory.org, now has A level Russian History resources available. Keep an eye out for more subjects being added in the near future.

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During the 1930s, the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, experienced a wave of repression and terror that came to be known as the Great Terror.

This period saw the widespread use of secret police, forced labor camps, and executions to suppress perceived threats to the regime.

We'll be examining the causes and consequences of the Great Terror, and exploring how it impacted Soviet society and the lives of ordinary people.

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A popular view of the war at sea is that of Britain pushed right to the edge, mounting shipping losses leading to fears of starvation in Britain and possible capitulation. Military historian Max Hastings suggests otherwise, pointing to the shortcomings and failings of Germany's U-Boat fleet and the growing expertise and technological superiority of the allied navies.

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Why did the patchwork Habsburg empire collapse in 1918? The pressures of war and the competing identities and loyalties of the men that fought in the Austo Hungarian armies both have a significant part to play. This podcast explores the overlapping national, regional and ethnic identities, loyalties and ambitions.

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When Leon Trotsky was murdered by NKVD agent Ramon Mercader in 1940, his ideas lived on. The Trotskyist Fourth International and the American Socialist Workers Party in particular claimed (though this was disputed by his widow Natalia) to be the inheritors of his beliefs. Trotsky's critique of the USSR and its capitalist enemies stated that the Russian Revolution had effectively been killed in its infancy, and that instead a bureacratic state had replaced a revolutionary society. Some of Trotsky's former disciples eventually distanced themselves from his beliefs, embracing American conservatism and free market capitalism, most famously the recanting revolutionary James Burnham.

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In this episode of the Explaining History Study Extra, we explore Lenin's death and the consequences for the power struggle to succeed him. We examine the legacy of the New Economic Policy and War Communism and the divisions in the party they led to.

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By 1916 Winston Churchill's wartime reputation was in tatters after the disaster of the Dardanelles Campaign. His self belief was his most powerful asset, particularly as so many of his parliamentary colleagues mistrusted him. He was brought back into David Lloyd George's war cabinet, though even the new prime minster was wary of him. Lloyd George, who had used the conscription issue to remove Herbert Asquith, eventually led Britain to victory, but this was partially in spite of Churchill, not because of him.

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This is the first Explaining History study extra recording for students. In this podcast we hear about the origins of Italian fascism and the experience of striking workers and returning soldiers after 1918. The desire for national unity and social order that had motivated many Italians to fight hardened into violent anti communism when they witnessed chaotic scenes of strikes and anti war protests on arrival home.

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In the second year of the Great War, the British began to consider the future of the Middle East once the Ottoman Empire had been defeated. The Ottomans were proving to be far more effective fighters than the British had anticipated, but the discovery of oil at Mosul had made the control of the Middle East a priority. Prime Minister David Lloyd George summoned Sir Mark Sykes, a British diplomat and explorer to demonstrate how British and French ambitions in the region could both be accomodated. This is the first of several podcasts on the division of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War.

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Neoliberalism in Britain has shaped the political, economic and social fabric of the nation in its entirety for almost half a century. As a cluster of ideological positions which evolved from the interwar years onwards, it existed as a fringe doctrine. Britain's current economic and political chaos suggests that the ideology has finally reached its point of collapse, just as the UK's new prime minister, Liz Truss has endorsed it in ever more radical and extreme ways. This podcast reflects upon Neoliberalism as a doctrine and its hold over both of Britain's two main political parties.

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After the first attempt at a national uprising by the fascist generals in Spain ended in failure, Madrid became a dangerous and violent city dominated by anarchist militias. Many had no trust for the Republican government and their ranks were bolstered by murderers and other violent prisoners let loose from the city's jails. In 1936 many of the Madrid police and civil guard had joined with the fascist insurrection and the last hold outs of the failed uprising within the city were brutally massacred after they fired repeatedly on civilians.

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The surviving Jews who became citizens of East Germany faced a precarious existence when the GDR was established. Not only was Stalin, the Soviet dictator, becoming ever more anti Semitic in the final years of his life, but the establishment of the state of Israel and its ties to the Western allies made Jews in Eastern Europe suspect in the eyes of the various communist regimes. In East Germany Jews presented a challenge to the established memory of the war and their supposed connection to the western powers began years of official persecution.

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In the aftermath of the Second World War, the economic strains on Britain after six years of conflict were immense, but Britain's international commitments were if anything even greater than during the war. Imperial overstretch, the temporary re-conquest of other European colonies like French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies, the occupation of Germany and the involvement in the Greek Civil War, and the new realities of the Cold War world meant that Britain needed to maintain a large standing army. Many military and civilian planners also blamed British disarmament between the wars for the rise of war mongering regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan. This podcast explores the impact of the international situation on Britain's peacetime national service

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This is the tenth anniversary episode of the Explaining History Podcast, thankyou to everyone who has listened to my lo-fi ramblings over the years, I hope you've found it interesting.

This week, we explore the complex social relations at the heart of Britain's blitz experience and challenge the myth of a united and stoic people pulling together, the truth, as ever, is far more complex.

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Yugoslavia, a state created in 1919 and recreated from the ashes of war once again in 1945 was a federation of balkan nationalities held together after World War Two by the totalitarian Leninist Josep Tito. The fact that Yugoslavia under his leadership had liberated itself and was not dominated like the rest of Eastern Europe by the Red Army, meant that its Cold War years would be fundamentally different. Yugoslavia was affected by the wave of unrest that afflicted Eastern Europe in 1968, following the crushing of the Prague Spring. The result was the energising of nationalist movements, the most vocal of which was in Croatia, which was eventually crushed by Tito. However, from 1971 to the early 1990s, nationalism, far from being extinguished, became the force that would rip Yugoslavia apart.

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In 1941, Iraq was a nominally independent country, but still part of the British sphere of influence in the Middle East. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany saw the growing wave of Arab nationalism in Iraq as a powerful device to place pressure on Britain in the Middle East. As intelligence reports showed that some form of Axis intervention in Iraq was planned, the Commander in Chief of British forces in India, Claude Auchinlek, saw the subcontinent as being particularly vulnerable and argued with London that a task force be prepared from India and sent to Basra to seize control of the country's oil.

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The world of the Soviet peasantry was complex and seemingly contradictory, and did not easily fall into the class stratification that the new Soviet regime believed could define all social categories. The lower to middle peasants, the Serednyaks, who would both work for others and sometimes hire labour themselves presented the regime with a conundrum - were they workers or were they exploiters? The outcome of these questions would determine how this group would be treated by the regime, a fact that would have dire consequences during the era of collectivisation.

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When the Second World War in Europe ended in May 1945, some 40 million people, German and non German were displaced in the four occupied zones of the country alone. This podcast is the first of two recordings that explore the desperate circumstances of former forced workers, prisoners of war, displaced German civilians and camp survivors.

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In the decade after the October Revolution the relations between the Soviet government and the peasantry declined as Stalin, Lenin and Trotsky all percieved that a new 'capitalist' peasantry was emerging in the guise of the Kulak class.

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This podcast explores Stalin's plans for Poland in the run up to the outbreak of the Second World War, and Neville Chamberlain's flawed diplomacy in the aftermath of the fall of Czechoslovakia. Stalin's secret diplomacy with both the western allies and the Nazis and his determination to see Poland destroyed as a state shaped the events between March and September 1939.

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In this episode we hear from writer Mary McNeil, who discusses her new biography Century's Witness - which examines the life and career of Wallace Carroll, an American journalist and contemporary of William L. Shirer and Edward Murrow.

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Austria Hungary, a patchwork empire of nationalities, saw a surprising enthusiasm for war in the summer of 1914 from non Austrian subjects. Across the empire, subject peoples who still had loyalties to the empire as a whole volunteered to fight, overwhelming the offices of military recruiters. The Habsburg empire was far more suspicious of its own population than was in any way warranted, but succeeded in squandering the opportunities for greater social harmony through the closure of the Austrian parliament, the Reichsrat. Whilst this had a limited effect in 1914, the need for cooperation and plurality later on in the war would be paramount.

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In the winter of 1937-38, Japan launched an assault of previously unprecedented brutality against a Chinese civilian population in the nationalist capital of Nanjing. Japan's desigs for China and South East Asia rested on being able to break the power of China's Guomindang nationalists, who were more inclined to build alliances with European powers or America. The Japanese invaders wanted China to be reoriented towards Japan as the power that would lead China along with the rest of Asia. A symbolic display of violence and destruction at Nanjing would demonstrate to China that further resistance was futile.

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Two weeks ago Sinn Fein achieved something that had previously been considered politically impossible in Northern Ireland, it gained a majority in the Northern Ireland Assembly elections and is now likely to form a government. This edition of the update explores the ramifications for Northern Ireland, Britain, the Irish Republic and the EU of this momentous event and the ongoing problems caused by Brexit.

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In today's episode of the podcast, I explore Richard Overy's arguments in Blood and Ruins and discuss his ideas around the necessity for expansionism during the 1930s among the three Axis powers, Germany, Italy and Japan. The great depression triggered ideas of expansionism as a solution to economic hardship and eugenic beliefs about growing, vital populations taking the resources of 'lesser' peoples.

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Even before the war had officially ended, German cities began the process of clearing debris and rubble and rebuilding. Often, municipal authorities didn't wait for allied authorisation, they simply organised the clearances and began to move the millions of tonnes of brick and stone that had been left in the wake of allied bombing and Soviet shelling. In some instances, vigilante groups ordered former Nazi officials to carry out the clearance work, but before the allied occupation it had been slave labourers who had been used after repeated bombing raids from 1940 onwards.

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Germany was able to inflict huge losses on Britain during the Battle of the Atlantic. The British organised merchant ships into trans-Atlantic convoys, but between 1940-41 the German U-Boat wolf packs sank millions of tonnes of shipping. The initial successes were gradually replaced with ever greater losses for Germany, as inadequate U-Boats (too small and too few), were met with improving intelligence and technology on the part of Britain and the USA.

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This episode of the update explores the enormous consequences of the US Supreme Court's decision to overturn the Roe vs Wade ruling 1973, effectively giving states the power to make abortion illegal.

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Today's update focuses on the emerging dynamics of the Ukraine war and the possible long term position on the crisis that the Biden administration is taking. Plus, a short history of Moldova and Transnistria and the power of Russian gas.

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This is the first of many podcasts exploring the writing of historian Sean McMeekin in his revisionist exploration of the role of the USSR in World War Two. In this episode we examine how conventional ideas about Stalin's intentions, preparedness and his outlook regarding the prospects of the allied powers against Germany by 1941 need to be revised.

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In today's episode we discuss author and lawyer James Philips new book, Two Revolutions and a Constitution, which explores the impact of Britain's Civil Wars in the 17th Century, and the American war of Independence in the 18th Century on the shaping of the US Constitution.

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In today's update, we look at the implications for Twitter as it faces takeover by the tech billionaire Elon Musk.

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Part two of today's exploration of Chiang Kai Shek's decision making in the summer of 1937 as Japan's armies placed ever greater pressure on northern China.

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After six years of Japanese control of Manchuria, and the establishment of control piecemeal across northern China, a skirmish at the Marco Polo bridge near Beijing presented Chiang with a fateful decision, to wage war now against Japan to prevent China further weakening or to ignore the crisis. Chiang knew that China would be forced to fight alone, as there would be no help forthcoming from embattled European democracies or the USA. Nationalist Chinese troops had developed under the tutelage of German military advisors, but the Chinese officer corps was still too small to face the onslaught to come.

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Today's update takes a sidestep away from Ukraine to look at the historic developments in France, following the defeat of Marine Le Pen and the Front National in Sunday's presidential election by Emmanuel Macron.

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This is the fourth part of my exploration of the Ukraine crisis, and its wider ramifications. Across Europe and America both the Russian Federation and more recently Ukraine have found sympathisers whose support to either side reflects the state of cultural conflicts that have divided western democracies in the past decade. Whether this is by Russian design or not, these divisions and the support from the far right and populist right of the west have benefitted Vladimir Putin immesurably.

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In this special extended feature episode of the Explaining History podcast, I had the great pleasure to chat with Dominic Selwood, author of Anatomy of a Nation: A history of Britain in 50 documents. In this episode we discuss British national identity throughout the post war era and the crisis of identity that marks the Brexit era. You can purchase a copy of the book here.

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SS killers approached the violence and brutality of their murderous work in the camps during the war as part of the wider racial struggle that the Nazi regime had tasked them with. The camp SS viewed the camps as a battlefield and the murder of prisoners as another arena of warfare, so much so that SS murderers were given medals by Heinrich Himmler. However, not all camp SS could cope with the brutality of what they were tasked with and some tried to avoid becoming complicit with the regime's crimes. Many of those who sought to avoid becoming killers were forced through peer pressure into killing, and resorted to murder in order to retain their social standing amongst their peers.

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This is the third Ukraine update and in this episode, we look at the wider strategic and diplomatic realignments that are rapidly occurring, including China's current strategic ambiguity and Britain's growing diplomatic irrelevance under Johnson's Brexit government.

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The failure of Nazi Germany to seize the small British mediterranean colony of Malta was a significant strategic error. In 1941, Hitler decided not to invade the island and instead decided to put his energies into the seizure of Crete, which he believed would pose a threat to Romania's oil fields if it remained in British hands. General Erwin Rommel (later promoted to field marshal), had a year of almost unstoppable victories against the British during the 1942, but as he raced across the desert, his supply lines grew and became ever more vulnerable. The inability to fully control the Mediterranean by the Axis powers was fatal for Rommel's resupply needs, just as allied forces in Egypt were being resupplied with thousands of tanks and othe vehicles by the USA.

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In this week's Ukraine update, I focus on the bigger strategic and geopolitical problems that face a kleptocratic state in Russia and the shortcomings of a Sino-Russian alliance.

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This is the first of a series of special episodes dedicated to exploring the Ukraine crisis. I will post these weekly, alongside regular history podcasts in order to help navigate the rapidly changing situation.

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After the detection of the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb test in 1949, the race to create bigger and more destructive weapons led to testing in the wide expanses of Utah and at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific. The horrific costs of on civilians of these tests was mirrored by the USSR, which air-detonated bombs in the Urals to see if soldiers on the ground could continue fighting. The effect on the American defence industry of atomic testing was entirely positive however, with a massive arms boom in the 1950s providing huge opportunities.

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China, in the British or American historical memory of the Second World War is rarely seen as an equal allied power, despite the huge sacrifices endured by the Chinese people during the conflict. This is the second part of a series of podcasts based on the work of Dr Rana Mitter, which re-examines China's wartime role and origins and causes of Japan's brutal invasion in 1937.

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In August 1914, German leaders of the SPD, including the anti war Hugo Hasse accepted the inevitability of conflict and voted against their principals of internationalism and solidarity. The fear of the Rusian army invading Germany, or of state repression against political parties viewed as treacherous or disloyal created the illusion of unity. Elsewhere, the Kaiser appeaeld to all parties as 'Germans' to come together in a spirit of national unity and many Germans adopted a seige mentality, believing the Reich to be surrounded by enemies. The notion of the burgfried, or 'peace within the fortress' was widespread, as Germans set aside class conflicts temporarily as a wave of patriotic sentiment swept aside all other considerations. This harmony would not last, however, and by 1916 the temporary social truce had broken down.

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Eisenhower's domestic policy is often obscured to students of history by the struggles of the era (the Red Scare and McCarthyism and the civil rights struggle), making the president's own policy agenda and his political inclinations less easy to explore. This podcast looks at the conservative tendencies of Eisenhower, his opposition to the growing role of the state in the lives of Americans was born of his belief in the spirit of 'rugged individualism' and the idea that state intervention was a threat to liberty itself. Eisenhower knew politically, however, that dismantling the social safety nets created by Roosevelt was political suicide and it would be later Republican presidents, Nixon and Reagan that would eviscerate what remained of Roosevelt's signature policy.

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