Diplomacy and International Relations

This episode takes a look at the new EU Artic strategy and see it in relation to Greenland (and Denmark's) latest pushback to Washington. It is geopolitics in the high north with cables and shipping lanes.

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This episode is about Danish-Nepali relations, and also about why a small state reassonably can maintain an embassy in a country like Denmark.

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In this episode we take a closer look at the relationship between the Philippines and Denmark.

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Listen to this episode about the relationship between Denmark and Pakistan. From the pakistani diaspora in Denmark to windmills and energy.

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The current race and election of the new UN Secretary.-General is happening in a vacuum. Few people outside IR circles even know that it is going on, that the world is about to get a new top-diplomat.

Listen to learn more and follow me on Substack and Instagram for more content.

Saudi Arabia's Grand Mufti has explicitly sanctified the campaign against the Houthis as an "act of devotion," days after Riyadh, Islamabad and Ankara mobilized under their new Mecca/Makkah mutual-defense pact. This is a genuinely under-covered angle: a modern, technocratic Gulf state reaching for classical religious legitimation language exactly when it needs Pakistani and Turkish publics — not just their governments — to accept the costs of a wider war. 

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Danish officials are calling this a diplomatic success, not a retreat and the signed text backs them up more than the "permanent US control" headlines suggested: no annexation, sovereignty and Greenlandic self-determination explicitly preserved, environmental and traditional-livelihood protections written in (inherited from the 2004 Igaliku Agreement, now strengthened), and for the first time Washington has put its name to a formal, if NATO-gated, path to Greenlandic independence. The episode argues Denmark got the substance of what Trump was threatening to take by force, without the coercion, and asks what that says about the real balance of leverage between a small, alliance-embedded state and an erratic superpower.

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A new Vatican document, "A Journey of Hope," marks 60 years of Catholic-Jewish dialogue since Nostra Aetate — and admits, in careful diplomatic language, that the war in Gaza has strained that relationship more than anything since 1965. Meanwhile Gaza's only Catholic parish just reopened its school for 1,000 children with no desks.

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Religion is being used as a tool in geopolitics, and have since 9/11 25 years ago.

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Trump has doubled down on acquiring Greenland, NATO's Rutte has conceded he "has a point" on Arctic security, and a Greenlandic self-government report on independence alternatives is due by year's end.

This episode goes beyond the headlines into what sovereignty actually means when a great power treats a NATO ally's territory as a bargaining chip.If you like what you hear please follow me on Substackand Instagramfor more content.

In this episode I have found sources about the visit by the Vatican's foreign minister to Moscow. Talks circled around Ukraine.

At the same time high level officials from CIA was in town.

Listen in and get a grip on what is going on. Can the Church move the negotiations in a way that the US and EU haven't been able to?

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When 140 ships vanished from the Strait of Hormuz within days, it wasn't warfare that shut the route down — it was the insurance market. This episode traces the collapse of the Islamabad memorandum between the US and Iran, the asymmetric American escalation that followed, and how Iran has since stood up its own governing body, the Persian Gulf Strait Authority, charging tolls of up to $2 million per transit — settled in Chinese yuan to sidestep US sanctions. We examine Oman's role as broker between Tehran and Washington, the parallels to Danish mediation diplomacy during the Oslo process, and the legal questions UNCLOS raises when a strait starts behaving like a border. Is this the birth of a new regional security order, or the first sign of a privatized ocean?

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Millions of people in Bamako are living without power, without fuel, without open roads out of the city. A coalition of insurgents has encircled Mali's capital and is strangling it economically — and almost no one in Western media is reporting it.

In this episode we trace how a rural insurgency in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger became a full-blown urban siege; why the region's military juntas tore up their alliance with France and the West and replaced it with Russia's Africa Corps; and why that trade has produced more civilian deaths at the hands of the state than at the hands of the jihadists it was hired to fight. We also ask a harder question: why does this war — nearly 10,000 dead in a year — barely register in the outlets that decide what counts as news?

This is the war nobody is talking about. It's time someone did.

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In this episode, we analyse the tensing geopolitical situation over Greenland. We do a review of the American demand for control, the threats of punitive tariffs against European allies, and Denmark’s military response.

Hear about the build-up of the Danish defense, the deployment of conscripts as a strategic ‘stumbling block’ and the EU’s countermeasures. Finally, we take a look at the complicated agreement from Davos and ask: What does this crisis mean for Greenland’s sovereignty and future NATO cooperation?

Listen in as we go another route than most coverage of the Hormuz crisis and the Turkey-Pakistan-Saudi defence pact treats it as pure realpolitik. But Shia-Sunni dynamics, Iran's revolutionary-Islamic self-conception, and the religious legitimacy stakes for Gulf monarchies are doing real work underneath the "interests" language. That is what we will look at now.

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Listen to this episode where I look at how Denmark is hitting NATO's 2% target three years early, has troops in Latvia, and is funnelling billions into Ukraine and all of it under a foreign policy strategy explicitly branded "pragmatic idealism."

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Listen to this episode on Greenland, US and the religious current underneath it all.

When Donald Trump promises that Greenland will be “under US control” before his term ends, the story is usually told as one about minerals, military bases, and raw geopolitics. This episode asks whether it is really about something far more sacred: competing religions of sovereignty.

We unfold three narratives: Greenland’s long struggle for self‑government and the right to independence under the Self‑Government Act. Denmark’s guilt‑ and responsibility‑driven insistence that “Greenland is not for sale” and that only Greenlanders can decide the island’s future. And an American frontier mythology that treats territory as destiny, casting the Arctic as yet another frontier for national salvation.

Along the way, we look at how conscription, military exercises, and bases are used as symbolic rituals of statehood – not just as instruments of deterrence. This isn’t a real‑estate deal; it’s a clash between sacred stories about who has the right to define Greenland’s future.

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How does ancient history and religion influence a modern nuclear deal? Listen

This episode looks at tariffs and how a lot of diplomatic theatre is happening right now. Focus on Greenland.

Listen as we take a closer look at Climate Diplomacy and how to understand Climate in relation to global politics.

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In this episode we take a closer look at how the Saudi nuclear deal is now formally conditioned on joining the Abraham Accords, which is a religious-symbolic act as much as a strategic one. Meanwhile Pope Leo warns against unilateral moves violating "the status quo of the holy sites."

Religion is having a come-back in international relations and global politics.

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Listen to this final episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where we reflect on IR's lessons for navigating Denmark's changing global role.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast. Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

Everyone covers the Trump–Frederiksen soundbites. Almost no one covers that the European Commission just proposed doubling support for Greenland in the 2028–2034 budget, and that Commissioner Síkela was in Nuuk updating the EU Arctic strategy. The real Greenland story is a quiet bidding war in budget lines, not sale rumors.

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Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where declining US hegemony reshapes NATO, EU, and Danish security strategy.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

In this episode we look at the Rubio–Lavrov talks in Manila that lasted barely 35 minutes with no framework, while in the meantime the real action happened in the Senate gallery with Zelensky watching a sanctions vote. It is an episode on what diplomatic rituals mean when everyone knows they're empty — and where leverage has actually migrated (sanctions law, Patriot co-production deals, jamming technology).

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Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where food security reveals the surprisingly political world of global agriculture.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.

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Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where climate negotiations test the limits of international cooperation.

If you want support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.

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Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where we unpack terrorist networks, radicalisation, and Denmark's security response.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.

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Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where protests, elections, and populism challenge elite foreign policymaking.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where internet governance and cyber threats reshape power and security.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.

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Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where Responsibility to Protect confronts sovereignty in intervention dilemmas.

If you want support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where aid, trade, and inequality politics explain why poverty persists despite globalgrowth.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where faith and identity return as powerful forces in modern diplomacy and conflict.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where trade, corporations, and crises reveal the economic forces driving internationalpolitics.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where NGOs and activists challenge governments and shape global norms from the outside.

If you want support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

A tiny island of just over 56,000 people has quietly become the most strategically contested territory in the Northern Hemisphere. In this bonus episode we map out why the United States, China, and Russia are suddenly tripping over themselves to reach Greenland — starting with the cold logic of the map. We trace the GIUK gap and the radar perched at the top of the world, then descend beneath the melting ice to the real prize: rare earth elements, the building blocks of every EV motor, wind turbine, and F-35. From there the story turns into something stranger than geopolitics — a single radioactive mountain above a town of sheep farmers, a democratic earthquake that killed a multi-billion-dollar mine, and an $11.5 billion lawsuit, bankrolled by Wall Street litigation financiers, that now hangs over the island's dream of independence. It's a briefing that connects the EV in your driveway, the fighter jets overhead, and the question that may define our generation: can we save the planet without destroying the places that make it worth saving?

Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where UN, EU, NATO both constrain states and create new diplomatic opportunities.

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Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where sovereignty, treaties, and the Lotus case reveal what makes (and breaks)international law.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

What happens when states stop treating religion as background noise and start using it as foreign policy infrastructure? In this episode, Bastian breaks down four case studies — Morocco, Russia, the United States, and Nigeria — where theology isn't just decorating the statecraft, it is the statecraft. The rational calculus of traditional diplomacy doesn't survive contact with a divine mandate.

f this episode made you think differently about what's actually driving the headlines, the best thing you can do is tell someone. Share it with a colleague who still thinks religion is just a cultural footnote in IR.

Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where realism, liberalism, and critical theories explain world events and Danishforeign policy choices.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where we unpack states, organizations, corporations, and individuals and their role on the global stage.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthlybriefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where we explore the US-Iran hostage crisis to nuclear deal, revealing how diplomatsmaintain the "long peace."

If you want to support the podcast, please go toPatreon and subscribe for weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.

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Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations summer series where we trace how empires, wars, and state formation created today's international system — and Denmark's place within it.

If you want to support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthlybriefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

Listen to this first episode of the summer series that will take the listener through the basics of International Relations. Relevant for students and practitioners alike.

If you wantto support the podcast, please go to Patreon and subscribe for weekly and monthlybriefings on Danish politics, and access to bonus episodes of the podcast.Follow this link: https://www.patreon.com/cw/iqulture/

Plato’s political failures, ethical insights, and critique of democracy still shape how we think about power, war, and justice today. In this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations, we revisit Plato’s Seventh Letter, his doubts about democracy and written words, and the evolution of just war theory through Christian thought to ask what his legacy means for modern diplomacy and global conflict.

If you like what you hear, please consider supporting on Patreon, where you will also gain access to weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics.

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Listen to this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations if you are interested in how the algorithms of Big Tech and AI influence how we see the world and thereby Statecraft.

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In today’s political landscape, decision-making is no longer confined to elected officials alone. A powerful, professionalized class of consultants and lobbyists now operates behind the scenes, using advanced data analytics, psychological insights, and strategic communication to shape both policy and electoral outcomes.

In this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations, we explore how political consulting has evolved into a multi-billion dollar global industry, and the tensions this creates between winning elections and sustaining democratic integrity. As we move into 2025, the growing use of artificial intelligence in voter micro-targeting, alongside the expanding influence of “dark money,” raises urgent questions about transparency, accountability, and public trust in democratic systems.

If you like what you hear and want to support this podcast, you can follow and subscribe on Patreon and gain access to more episodes and weekly and monthly briefings on Danish politics.

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This episode will take a look at Danish Foreign Policy and how it has changed in recent years.

Listen if foreign policy interest you and you want to hear how it can change due to circumstances.

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Denmark is small, but in EU climate policy it’s a heavyweight. In this episode of “Diplomacy and International Relations,” we unpack how the 2012 Danish EU Presidency used a smart toolbox of coalitions, technical expertise and non‑state actors to shape the Energy Efficiency Directive—and how today’s ambitious climate goals and public‑private partnerships make Denmark a green front‑runner setting standards far beyond its borders.

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In this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations we take a look at Climate politics and its consequences. Listen along.

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Denmark stands at a crossroads: a small, high-tech economy riding a pharmaceutical boom, yet increasingly aware of how dependent it has become on a few winners like Novo Nordisk. At the same time, long-run trade data suggest that export patterns are surprisingly sticky, changing only slowly even as governments talk about diversification and resilience.

In this episode, we unpack new insights from a 2025 report by the Embassy of Switzerland and an academic study from Aalborg University on export specialization across OECD countries. We explore how Denmark’s recent growth has been powered by its pharma sector, why looming labor shortages and overreliance on a single industry giant pose strategic risks, and what “path dependence” really means for a small open economy. We also look at the subtle global trend toward de-specialization, where countries gradually broaden their trade profiles instead of betting everything on a few sectors.

Finally, we zoom in on the evolving economic relationship between Denmark and Switzerland, especially in chemicals and machinery, and ask what a more diversified, resilient Danish economy could look like over the next decade. If you’re interested in how export structures, industrial policy, and international partnerships shape a nation’s future room for maneuver, this conversation is for you.

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This extra episode of Diplomacy and International Relations explores the results of the recent general election and Denmark’s evolution into a "super‑Atlanticist" state, moving from Cold War restraint to a more militarized, activist foreign policy aimed at securing top‑tier status with the United States. We connect increased defense spending, the end of the EU defense opt‑out, and deeper European integration to Copenhagen’s search for security in a more volatile world.

At home, we look at how Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen fuses left‑wing welfare politics with hardline immigration policies, and how the 2026 elections, inflation, healthcare, and tensions over Greenland are reshaping Denmark’s political landscape. Together, these dynamics show a small state trying to balance humanitarian values with the pragmatic demands of alliance loyalty and national defense.

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In this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations, we trace nearly two centuries of ties between Denmark and Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Argentina, from 19th‑century trade treaties to today’s partnerships on green energy, technology, and climate diplomacy. We look at how commerce, royal and presidential visits, and a shared agenda on sustainability have turned distant partners into strategic collaborators across the Atlantic.​

We also confront the more uncomfortable chapters of this story: Denmark’s colonial legacy in the Caribbean and the hybrid identities of Danish immigrant communities in South America. Along the way, we unpack how questions of memory, migration, and climate justice shape Denmark’s modern soft power—and why Copenhagen is now investing in climate policy advocacy throughout the region.​

If you are curious how a small Nordic state has maintained influence and presence across the Americas through a mix of trade, colonization, and 21st‑century cooperation, this episode offers a nuanced, long‑term perspective.

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In this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations, we unpack the 2025 European Defence Fund (EDF) work programme and its €1.065 billion push to hard‑wire strategic autonomy into Europe’s security architecture. From cyber defense, space technologies, and next‑generation combat systems to the role of Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in knitting together Europe’s armed forces, we explore how Brussels is turning industrial policy into defense capability.​

We then zoom in on Denmark’s proposed 50 billion DKK defense buildup and its new national strategy for protecting critical infrastructure, asking how a traditionally cautious small state is becoming a front‑runner on operational technology (OT) security and digital sovereignty. Along the way, we discuss why Ukrainian participation in EU defense projects matters for Europe’s long‑term security order, and how artificial intelligence is reshaping everything from situational awareness to resilience against hybrid threats.​

If you want to understand how a more unified European defense landscape is emerging—through technology, cross‑border partnerships, and a new focus on resilience—this episode is for you.

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Moving to and working in Denmark involves navigating a comprehensive welfare state that prioritizes a high quality of life and a healthy work-life balance. Professional life is defined by flat hierarchies, informal communication, and the "Flexicurity" model, which blends labor market flexibility with strong social safety nets. Newcomers must manage a highly digitalized bureaucracy, centered on obtaining a CPR number and MitID to access essential services like healthcare and banking. While the country offers social stability and family-friendly policies, expats often face challenges such as a high cost of living, competitive housing markets, and a reserved social culture governed by the egalitarian "Jante Law". Successful integration typically requires learning the Danish language and participating in the local "foreningsliv" or club culture to build community. Diverse cities like Copenhagen, Aarhus, and Odense provide distinct opportunities ranging from international business hubs to family-oriented tech centers.

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An arena of ice is turning into a frontline of power politics. In this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations, we unpack how the Arctic, and especially Greenland, is becoming a strategic hotspot as great‑power rivalry moves northward.

We explore Greenland’s evolving relationship with the Kingdom of Denmark, and how melting ice is opening new shipping routes and access to vast mineral resources that attract the United States, Russia, China, and an increasingly assertive European Union. Drawing on recent assessments from Danish intelligence, we examine why a shift toward U.S. hemispheric security raises questions about Washington’s long‑term commitment in the High North, and how this uncertainty shapes allied planning and regional governance.

The episode also dives into the politics of Greenlandic independence and how internal demands for greater autonomy complicate external military, economic, and environmental interests. Finally, we ask what enhanced coordination among Western allies might look like in practice if the Arctic is now a primary arena for major‑power rivalry—and what is at stake for small states, Indigenous communities, and global stability.

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In this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations, we take a closer look into the anthropology of documents and the affective life of the state: how passports, ID cards, forms, and borders become “phantasmatic” objects that provoke anxiety, dependence, and desire. Drawing on research from Turkey and Northern Cyprus, we explore how secularist and Islamist identities are crafted and contested through symbols like the veil and the image of Atatürk, and how ruins, checkpoints, and looted landscapes shape everyday experiences of sovereignty. Rather than treating borders as neutral lines on a map, we ask how states are lived as “make-believe” spaces built out of paperwork, rituals, and shared fantasies—and what this means for diplomacy, conflict, and belonging in modern polities.​

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In this episode Diplomacy and International Relations focus on Denmark and the Middle East and North Africa. From Enlightenment-era expeditions and cultural curiosity to post-9/11 military interventions, alliance politics, and climate-driven “green” diplomacy, the show unpacks how a small state navigates a turbulent region at a geopolitical crossroads.

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Listen to this episode on how small and medium states deal with the uncertainties of today's world.

We focus on Denmark and what a small state can secure itself.

We talk APECC and Arctic.

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In a world where minds, not borders, have become the new battleground, national sovereignty begins with the sovereignty of thought. This episode of Diplomacy and International Relations explores how technology, data, and psychopolitics have colonized the human interior—and what it will take for leaders and citizens to reclaim autonomy.

From Byung-Chul Han’s “digital camp” to Heidegger’s “They” and Nietzsche’s Amor Fati, we trace how surveillance capitalism subtly transforms freedom into servitude and isolates the diplomatic imagination. The conversation examines why authentic dialogue and solitude are now matters of strategic security, not just self-care, and how digital minimalism can serve as a form of decolonial resistance.

Drawing on existential thinkers—from Kierkegaard to Camus and Fanon—we outline a toolkit for the modern diplomat: reclaim agency, pursue ethical intentionality, and cultivate the courage to stand apart from the herd. In the end, the episode challenges each of us to become an Authentic Rebel—to restore humanity, empathy, and sovereignty in an age of algorithmic control.

Call to Action: Track your “eyeball minutes,” reclaim your attention, and join the 30-day Digital Declutter. Because the real struggle for freedom now begins not in negotiation halls—but within the mind itself.

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Europe’s space sector is rapidly evolving from a niche industry into a strategic pillar of economic stability, digital sovereignty, and geopolitical security. In this episode, we examine the growing recognition of space infrastructure as essential to the EU’s competitiveness and resilience — underpinning navigation systems, Earth observation, climate monitoring, and secure connectivity.

Drawing from recent institutional reports, we analyze how the European Union’s fragmented regulatory landscape and limited long-term investment threaten its position against global powers such as the United States and China. The discussion highlights the economic implications of inaction, with the so‑called “Cost of Non‑Europe” potentially reaching hundreds of billions of euros by 2050.

We also explore current policy instruments, from the CASSINI initiative for startups to emerging programs aimed at regulatory harmonization, that seek to propel the Union toward true strategic autonomy in orbit. For policymakers, analysts, and industry professionals alike, this episode offers a data‑driven reflection on what’s at stake if Europe fails to secure its place among the leading space powers of the 21st century.

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Listen to this episode of “Diplomacy and International Relations” explores how cyber diplomacy has evolved from a marginal specialization into a central pillar of modern statecraft, beginning with the watershed 2007 attacks on Estonia and the rise of countries that now punch above their weight in cyber governance. The conversation unpacks how AI is transforming both cyber defense and offensive operations, the UN’s new Global Mechanism and its 11 norms for responsible state behavior, and the growing role of initiatives like the Paris Call and the EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox in shaping a rules-based order for cyberspace. Using cases such as the SolarWinds campaign, ransomware against critical infrastructure, and the Tallinn Mechanism’s support for Ukraine, the episode examines how Russia, China, the United States, and their allies wield cyber operations as tools of power projection, and looks ahead to quantum computing, critical infrastructure protection, and the digital divide as defining challenges for future cyber diplomacy.

Cyber diplomacy has rapidly moved from the sidelines to the center of international relations, driven by the digitalization of statecraft and the rise of sophisticated cyber operations that can paralyze societies without a single shot being fired. Starting from the 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia and the country’s subsequent leadership in global cyber governance, this episode traces how states, international organizations, and tech companies are trying to build a rules-based order for cyberspace.

The episode breaks down key milestones: the UN process that led to a permanent Global Mechanism in 2025, built on existing international law, 11 voluntary norms of responsible state behavior, confidence-building measures, and cyber capacity building, as well as multi-stakeholder efforts such as the Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace and regional tools like the EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox. It also examines how AI is used for threat analysis, crisis management, and public diplomacy—while simultaneously enabling more targeted attacks, automated reconnaissance, and new vulnerabilities in the very systems diplomats rely on.

Through concrete cases—the SolarWinds supply-chain attack, the weaponization of ransomware against energy and other critical infrastructure, and the Tallinn Mechanism’s coordinated support for Ukraine’s cyber resilience—the discussion shows how geopolitical tensions involving actors like Russia and China are mapped onto the digital domain. Finally, the episode looks ahead to emerging technologies such as quantum computing, the race for post‑quantum cryptography, the risks of fragmented approaches to critical infrastructure protection, and the challenge of ensuring that developing states are not left behind in cyber capacity and diplomatic influence. At stake is whether the future of cyberspace will be shaped by ad hoc power politics or by resilient, inclusive, and cooperative diplomatic frameworks capable of balancing technological innovation with human judgment and international responsibility.

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Algorithmic diplomacy is no longer science fiction; it is quietly reshaping how states compete, cooperate, and construct reality itself. In this episode, we unpack the emerging world of AI‑driven foreign policy: from Washington and Beijing’s clashing models of AI governance to Brussels’ ambitious AI Act and the UN’s Global Digital Compact agenda.​

Drawing on cutting‑edge research in multi‑agent negotiation systems, Industry 5.0, and generative AI in diplomatic practice, we explore how algorithms are being used to manage conflicts, script narratives, and tilt the balance of power in the information domain. We also ask what all this means for smaller states, diplomats on the ground, and citizens whose “reality” is increasingly filtered through code.

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Listen to this episode to learn more about Aristotle and Machiavelli and how they have both been important for shaping diplomacy and negotiations.

If you like what you hear, please consider subscribing on Spotify or Apple Podcast. It all helps keeping this podcast running as my hobby project.

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This episode builds on the last one and look more at the diplomatic relations between Denmark and the EU. Listeners might find some of the information repeated in this episode - hopefully it is not too bad.

I hope you will enjoy and subscribe - next episode will be a subscribers only, where the topic is Robert Putnam and Bowling Alone.

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Listen in here: Denmark’s rapid strategic shift after Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine is the focus of this episode, as the country moves from EU opt-outs and fiscal caution to the front line of European security and defense integration. Centered on the historic 2022 referendum ending Denmark’s 30-year EU defense opt-out and the new pledge to spend over 3% of GDP on defense by 2025–26, the conversation unpacks how public opinion, party politics, and threat perceptions converged to produce a Danish “Zeitenwende.” As Denmark heads into its 2025 EU Council Presidency with the banner “A Strong Europe in a Changing World,” the episode dives into Copenhagen’s ambitions to accelerate Ukraine’s EU path, strengthen Europe’s defense industry, and tighten sanctions and deterrence measures against Russia—showing how a small state is helping redraw Europe’s security architecture.

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In this episode, we revisit the classics of geopolitical thought to understand today’s strategic rivalries. How do Halford Mackinder’s Heartland theory and Nicholas Spykman’s Rimland theory still shape global power politics? We explore the modern contest over Eurasia—where Russia, China, and the United States each seek to define the region’s future. From Russia’s use of the Heartland concept and the Russkiy Mir narrative in its approach to Ukraine, to China’s Belt and Road Initiative as both a continental and maritime power play, these enduring ideas frame much of 21st‑century strategy.

We also examine how Atlantic powers like Germany and the United Kingdom interpret these theories differently—revealing deep-seated divides in transatlantic behavior from the Iraq War to current global realignments.

Subscribe to Diplomacy and International Relations for more in‑depth discussions on how classical ideas continue to shape modern world politics. Follow this link: https://creators.spotify.com/pod/profile/iqulture/subscribe 

Explore the challenges facing global democracy in today's interconnected world. This episode examines how civil society organizations, social movements, and human rights advocacy groups are responding to democratic backsliding and threats to political participation. We discuss the critical role of global governance in supporting democratic institutions and analyze how civil society can strengthen democratic resilience against authoritarian pressures.

Key topics covered:

• The state of global democracy and emerging threats

• Civil society's role in defending democratic values

• Political participation and civic engagement strategies

• How social movements drive democratic change

• Human rights advocacy in challenging political environments

• Global governance mechanisms for democracy support

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Explore how Denmark is redefining the future of diplomacy in Asia, transforming traditional alliances into a cutting-edge network focused on green technology, economic innovation, and mutual prosperity. This episode reveals how Denmark leverages its global leadership in sustainability to meet Asia’s urgent demand for green transition solutions, unlocking vast market opportunities for Danish companies and accelerating sustainable development throughout the region.

We break down Denmark’s nuanced, country-specific strategies:

With China, Denmark balances robust trade and pragmatic “de-risking” to manage economic and security risks.

India is a key partner in Denmark’s transformative Green Strategic Partnership, driving technological innovation to tackle climate challenges.

In ASEAN, Denmark engages through multilateral diplomacy, recognizing Southeast Asia’s central role in regional governance.

Hear insights from leading experts and discover how Danish businesses are strategically adapting to global shifts, with 49% considering or actively reducing dependency on China and embracing the “China Plus One” approach for supply chain diversification into India and Vietnam.

Against a backdrop of divergent European policies in the Indo-Pacific, Denmark faces fundamental diplomatic tensions—yet positions itself for influence with its 2025 EU Presidency and upcoming UN Security Council seat. Tune in for an essential guide to Denmark’s dynamic 21st-century diplomacy, bridging Europe and Asia.

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Discover why the security dilemma remains one of the most crucial concepts in international relations and political science. In this episode, we break down the origins and core theories behind the security dilemma—from classical realism to contemporary debates—and analyze how it drives arms races, mistrust, and unintended conflict between states.

Our in-depth discussion covers famous case studies such as the Cold War, US-China relations, and current tensions in Eastern Europe, showing how states’ attempts to increase their own security often provoke anxiety and countermeasures from others. We explore key theorists like John Herz and Robert Jervis, the paradoxes of deterrence, and practical strategies for resolving security dilemmas in a globalized world.

Ideal for students, researchers, diplomats, and anyone interested in security studies, this episode offers real-world insights, actionable policy tips, and a fresh perspective on international security. Don’t forget to subscribe for weekly episodes tackling the latest issues in international relations, military strategy, and global politics.

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In this episode of Diplomacy and International Relations by Bastian Friborg, we dive deep into the power structures shaping the global economy through Marxist and critical theory lenses. Explore provocative frameworks like dependency theory and world-systems analysis, which challenge mainstream economic narratives and reveal the underlying dynamics driving global inequality.

We discuss key theorists including Andre Gunder Frank and Emmanuel Wallerstein, unravel the concepts of core, periphery, and semi-periphery nations, and analyze mechanisms like resource extraction, unequal exchange, and financial subordination. Special attention is paid to Robert W. Cox’s neogramscian approach and Alf Hornborg’s ecological critique, which connects economic power to the physical transfer of energy and resources.

Whether you’re curious about the historical roots of global capitalism or the structural challenges to sustainability and equity, this episode is packed with questions and insights for policymakers, students, and anyone interested in international political economy.

Follow us for future deep dives, and support the show for exclusive content.

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In this episode ofDiplomacy and International Relations by Bastian Friborg, looks beyond the usual power politics and discover the hidden structures shaping our world. We explore howfeminist international relations (FIR)andpost-colonial theoryreveal the often-invisible gendered and racial systems underlying global politics: from war and diplomacy to economic power.

Learn how concepts like war, security, and sovereignty are influenced by gender and race, and why understanding these forces is vital for anyone interested in the true workings of international relations today. Hear insightful discussions of foundational texts like Cynthia Enloe’s Bananas, Beaches and Bases and Edward Said’s Orientalism. We examine real-world cases—including France’s feminist foreign policy and reputation management in the Central African Republic—illustrating the tension between genuine change and superficial branding.

Whether you are a student, expert, or newcomer to IR, this episode delivers nuanced perspectives on identity, power, decolonization, and intersectionality. Subscribe for more deep dives into international affairs, and don’t forget to rate us five stars to help others discover these important conversations!

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Look into this episode as we explore Liberal Institutionalism and its practical relevance in today's world of international diplomacy. Join Bastian Friborg and guests as they unpack the theories of Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, delving into how countries achieve complex, sustained cooperation—even when there's no major global power enforcing order. We break down essential concepts like complex interdependence, the role of international regimes, and institutional capacity building with a real-world focus on EU integration. Discover how regimes and institutions shape trust, reduce vulnerability, and foster global cooperation.

Key topics include:

Liberal institutionalism vs. neorealism: Lasting cooperation & stability beyond superpowers

Complex interdependence framework: Interstate, transgovernmental, and transnational relations

Institutional mechanics: Building trust, reducing transaction costs, and extending cooperation

Power dynamics: Soft power, sensitivity, and vulnerability in global politics

EU Twinning program: Concrete example of institutional capacity building

Strategic insights: How vulnerability and institutional ties can change state behavior

Subscribe for more and longer episodes at this link.

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In this episode, we unpack one of the most influential theoretical debates in modern International Relations: the rise of constructivism as a challenge to the materialist and individualist assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism. The discussion begins by laying out the core tenets of constructivism, highlighting how it reframes our understanding of power, identity, and global order.

From there, the episode delves into the deep philosophical foundations of the theory—examining the ontological divide between materialism and idealism, the enduring agent–structure problem, and the epistemological tensions between scientific and interpretive approaches to studying world politics.

Building on this philosophical groundwork, Bastian explores key analytical concepts such as the cultures of anarchy, identity formation, and the role of norms in shaping international behavior—revealing how these ideas bridge theory and practice. The episode concludes with a balanced assessment of constructivism’s contributions, its limitations, and the challenges it continues to face within the broader field of International Relations.

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Understanding Realism: The Power Struggle at the Heart of International Relations

Dive into the enduring tradition of Realism—one of the most influential frameworks for interpreting world politics. In this episode, we break down the essential ideas at the core of Realist thinking, exploring how states navigate a global arena defined by competition, power, and insecurity under anarchy. Discover the three main branches of Realism:

Classical Realism, which roots the drive for power in human nature,

Neorealism, which sees state behavior as shaped by the anarchic structure of the international system,

Neoclassical Realism, which adds the importance of leaders and domestic politics as filters for systemic pressures.

We unravel the fierce debate within Neorealism between Defensive and Offensive Realists: Are states merely seeking security and survival, or are they locked in a relentless pursuit of power and dominance? Learn why concepts like Anarchy, the Security Dilemma, and the Balance of Power remain central to explaining conflict and alliance-building between nations.

Finally, we examine how Realism is adapting in a rapidly changing world—facing the "unipolar anomaly" of U.S. dominance after the Cold War, and evolving to address today’s complex global challenges. Whether you’re new to international relations or a seasoned analyst, this episode offers a clear and insightful guide to the Realist tradition and its relevance today.

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Follow the show and together we will explore the dynamics of ASEAN navigating US-China rivalry in this comprehensive analysis of Southeast Asian geopolitics. This episode examines how the Association of Southeast Asian Nations balances regional diplomacy amid intensifying power competition between the United States and China. Discover ASEAN's strategic approach to international relations, the challenges of maintaining strategic balance in a multipolar world, and the implications for regional diplomacy. We analyze recent developments in US-China rivalry, ASEAN's diplomatic initiatives under Malaysia's 2025 chairmanship, and the evolving landscape of Southeast Asian geopolitics. Learn about power competition strategies, regional diplomacy mechanisms, and how ASEAN countries navigate between major powers while preserving sovereignty and promoting regional stability.

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Press play and let us explore the relevance of Francis Fukuyama's groundbreaking essay 'The End of History' in this comprehensive historical analysis. This episode examines Fukuyama End of History theory and its implications for liberal democracy, modern political theory, and contemporary global trends.

Together we look into international relations discourse as we assess whether Fukuyama's thesis about the triumph of liberal democratic ideals still holds relevance today. Our analysis covers the evolution of political systems, challenges to democratic governance, and the ongoing debate in modern political theory circles.

Key topics include:

• Fukuyama End of History thesis and its core arguments

• Liberal democracy's current state and future prospects

• Modern political theory perspectives on historical development

• Global trends challenging or supporting Fukuyama's predictions

• International relations implications for today's world

• Historical analysis methodology and contemporary relevance

Whether you're a student of political science, international relations enthusiast, or curious about democracy's future, this episode offers valuable insights into one of the most influential works in modern political theory.

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Celebrating the UN's 80th Birthday

As the United Nations turns 80, we celebrate eight decades of global dialogue, peace-building, and humanitarian leadership. Since 1945, the UN has stood as the world's essential forum for international cooperation, tackling everything from poverty and conflict to human rights and climate action. Despite facing profound geopolitical paralysis, financial shortfalls, and mounting global challenges, the UN’s enduring presence reminds us that a cooperative, peaceful future can only be built together. Today, even as the organization faces tough questions about its effectiveness, we honor its indispensable legacy and ongoing mission to bring nations together in pursuit of a better world.

Is the UN Still the World’s Best Last Hope?

As the United Nations marks its milestone 80th anniversary, it’s not just a moment of celebration—it’s a moment of reckoning. With the institution "on its knees," torn between escalating global crises and waning financial support, the very future of the UN hangs in the balance. Secretary-General António Guterres’s bold UN80 reform agenda seeks to breathe new life into the organization, but not everyone is convinced that more efficiency means better outcomes—especially with core missions like human rights already stretched thin. What happens when even peacekeeping fails, great power rivalries paralyze action, and the world’s only true global forum risks losing its way?

Join us in this special episode as we ask: Can the UN adapt to the 21st century, or is its role as the world’s last, best hope fading? Tune in to unpack the high-stakes debate shaping the future of global cooperation.

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Listen now! Together we will explore the relationship between climate conflict and peacebuilding in this comprehensive episode on environmental security and global diplomacy. Discover how climate change acts as a threat multiplier, intensifying resource competition and challenging traditional conflict resolution approaches.

This episode will look into:

• Climate conflict dynamics and environmental security threats

• Innovative peacebuilding strategies for climate-related disputes

• International cooperation frameworks for addressing resource competition

• Global diplomacy efforts in environmental conflict resolution

• Real-world case studies of climate-induced conflicts and successful interventions

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Listen up folks! Let's explore Denmark's role in the European sustainability revolution. This episode examines how Denmark's green transition is setting the standard for renewable energy adoption across Europe, showcasing Nordic innovation in environmental policy and climate leadership.

Discover how Danish green diplomacy is influencing EU climate strategies, from cutting-edge renewable energy technologies to comprehensive environmental policy frameworks. We analyze Denmark's approach to balancing economic growth with sustainability goals, making it a model for climate leadership in the Nordic region and beyond.

Key topics include:

• Denmark green transition initiatives and their European impact

• European sustainability frameworks and Nordic innovation

• Renewable energy breakthroughs and climate leadership strategies

• Environmental policy development and green diplomacy

• The role of Nordic countries in global sustainability efforts

This looks into Denmark's environmental leadership provides essential insights for understanding how small nations can drive continental change in the fight against climate change.

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Listen now! Together we explore Denmark's comprehensive approach to combating human trafficking in this detailed examination of the country's sustained political commitment since 2002. This episode analyzes Denmark's fight against human trafficking through systematic policy development, international cooperation, and innovative enforcement strategies that have made it a European leader in anti-trafficking efforts.

Discover how Denmark has transformed anti-trafficking initiatives into lasting political priorities through successive National Action Plans (NAPs) and strategic partnerships. We examine the evolution of Danish anti-trafficking policy, enforcement mechanisms, and the intersection of human rights advocacy with practical law enforcement in Nordic countries.

Key topics covered:

• Denmark fight against human trafficking policy evolution since 2002

• National Action Plans (NAPs) and systematic policy frameworks

• International cooperation and Nordic anti-trafficking strategies

• Law enforcement innovations and victim protection systems

• European collaboration in combating transnational trafficking

• Policy effectiveness and lessons for other nations

• Human rights integration in anti-trafficking approaches

This comprehensive analysis provides essential insights into how sustained political commitment and strategic partnerships can create effective anti-trafficking frameworks that serve as models for international cooperation.

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In this episode, we dive into Denmark’s evolving journey on human rights and sustainable development, tracing how the country aligns its domestic policies with its international commitments. We explore how Denmark positions itself as a global leader—advancing the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and upholding core standards under the Convention Against Torture—through a mix of legislative reforms, international advocacy, and strategic partnerships.

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We unpack the paradox that is the European energy and climate sector.

Take a listen.

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This extra and free episode looks at the United Nations Generel Assembly's decision to point at a path for a two-state solution in the Israel-Palestine conflict.

This episode offers a comprehensive analysis of the key trends, challenges, and policy shifts within the European Union's asylum and migration system. Drawing insights from the EUAA Asylum Report 2024 and other authoritative sources, we provide listeners with a concise yet thorough briefing on the critical developments shaping the EU's approach to migration.

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This episode looks into the intricate relationship between culture and international relations. We dissect the multifaceted concept of "culture" as it pertains to global interactions, critically examining the limitations of "soft power" as a tool for influence.

Furthermore, we analyze the contentious "clash of civilizations" theory, situating these discussions within the broader framework of critical perspectives in international relations theory.

Join us as we unravel the complexities of cultural dynamics in shaping the international landscape.

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In this episode, we will look into the seminal peace and conflict theories of Johan Galtung, bridging the gap between academic frameworks and real-world applications. We'll dissect Galtung's core concepts and explore their relevance in contemporary conflict scenarios.

We examine the often-overlooked role of "resentment" in international relations, analyzing its origins, its impact on conflict escalation, and its profound implications for sustainable peacebuilding initiatives.

Join us for an insightful discussion that sheds light on the intricate dynamics of conflict and the pathways towards lasting peace.

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In this episode we look at Denmark's work in the UN organizations. This seen in light of the Danish membership of the Security Council.

Enjoy.

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Now we take Robert Putnam's text Bowling Alone and Hyper Politics and explore theses concepts.

Enjoy!

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In this episode we look at a very important concept, responsibility to protect (R2P) and international relations. Enjoy, as we explore this concept.

If you enjoy this podcast it is now possible to support with a paid subscription to help me do this more and gives access to bonus episodes.

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In this episode, we take a look at the intricate concept of the "civil sphere," a vital framework for understanding the dynamics of civic life and its inherent tensions.

Drawing upon historical and theoretical perspectives, we explore the civil sphere's symbolic structure, characterized by a "civil code" that distinguishes virtue from vice.

We dive into the discourse of liberty, examining its role in shaping voluntary action and its ongoing contestation by marginalized groups.

We also confront the historical contradictions and limitations of this sphere, exposing how its binary code can be manipulated to justify exclusion and repression.

Join us as we unpack the complexities of the civil sphere and its implications for contemporary society.

Listen to this delayed episode of Diplomacy and International Relations, where we will take a look at Denmark in International Organizations.

Dive deep into international crimes and diplomatic challenges in this comprehensive analysis of Denmark's approach to global criminal networks. Explore how Danish diplomacy navigates transnational crime prevention, diplomatic immunity complexities, and international legal frameworks in 2025. Discover Nordic diplomacy insights on cross-border crime prevention, international cooperation mechanisms, and the vital role of diplomatic missions in combating global criminal networks. This episode examines Denmark's unique position in addressing international crimes, from cybercrime to human trafficking, through diplomatic channels. Essential content for international relations students, diplomatic professionals, legal experts, and anyone interested in contemporary crime prevention strategies within the Nordic diplomatic context. Learn about Danish law enforcement cooperation, extradition processes, and diplomatic immunity challenges in modern international crime prevention.

Dive deep into the complex world of espionage targeting Denmark with this comprehensive analysis of national security threats. This episode explores foreign intelligence operations against the Kingdom of Denmark, examining how Danish counterintelligence agencies combat sophisticated espionage campaigns from hostile nations.

We investigate the geopolitical factors driving foreign threats against Denmark, including the country's strategic Arctic position, NATO membership, and advanced technological capabilities that make it a prime target for intelligence gathering operations. Our analysis covers the vulnerabilities within Danish infrastructure, government institutions, and private sector entities that foreign intelligence services actively exploit.

Key topics include:

• Modern espionage techniques used against Denmark

• Danish counterintelligence response strategies

• National security challenges in the digital age

• Intelligence cooperation within NATO and EU frameworks

• Assessment of current threats to Danish sovereignty

Gain expert insights into how Denmark protects its national interests against evolving espionage threats while maintaining its role as a trusted international partner.

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Explore the Complex Landscape of War and Peace in the 21st Century

In today's rapidly evolving world, understanding modern warfare and international relations is more crucial than ever. This thought-provoking episode examines contemporary conflict resolution strategies and global security challenges that define our era.

Key Topics Covered:

• 21st century conflicts and their unique characteristics

• The evolution of modern warfare including cyber threats and hybrid conflicts

• International relations in an interconnected world

• Innovative conflict resolution approaches and diplomatic solutions

• Global security frameworks and peacekeeping initiatives

• The role of technology in both war and peace efforts

Join us as we analyze how traditional concepts of war and peace are being redefined by non-state actors, economic sanctions, and digital battlefields. We examine real-world case studies and expert insights that illuminate the path toward sustainable peace in our complex geopolitical landscape.

Whether you're a student of international relations, policy professional, or simply curious about global affairs, this episode provides essential context for understanding today's most pressing security challenges.

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Explore the evolving landscape of modern conflict and international relations theory in this comprehensive analysis of new war paradigms and contemporary realism. This episode examines how state actors navigate security dilemmas in an era of unprecedented global governance challenges.

Delving deep into international relations theory, we analyze the transformation of warfare and the rise of new realism as a framework for understanding modern conflict. From traditional state-centric approaches to contemporary security dilemmas, this discussion illuminates how global governance structures adapt to emerging threats and shifting power dynamics.

Key topics include:

• New war concepts and their impact on international security

• Realism and its evolution in modern international relations theory

• State actors and their role in contemporary global governance

• Security dilemmas facing nations in the 21st century

• The intersection of traditional diplomacy and modern conflict resolution

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Join us for an insightful exploration of how new realism shapes our understanding of international relations and modern conflict in today's interconnected world.

Explore the complex landscape of post-World War II conflicts in this compelling episode on War and Peace since 1945. Discover how global conflicts evolved beyond traditional warfare, examining the Cold War tensions, nuclear deterrence strategies, and emerging geopolitics that shaped our modern world.

Dive deep into the transformation of international security frameworks and peace processes that emerged after WWII. We analyze intra-state conflicts like the siege of Aleppo, revealing how warfare shifted from armies to targeting civilian populations. Uncover the paradox of the UN Charter's prohibition of war and how it gave rise to "police actions" and interventions.

This episode examines the role of fear - both economic and existential - in fueling global tensions, while exploring how technological advancements in robotics and advanced weaponry impact major power conflicts. Challenge traditional narratives of postwar peace as we argue that conflict has been a constant presence in international security.

Keywords: post-World War II, Cold War, global conflicts, nuclear deterrence, peace processes, international security, geopolitics, warfare evolution, UN Charter, intra-state conflicts

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Explore the complex landscape of war and peace in the 21st century through this insightful analysis of modern global conflict and international diplomacy. This episode delves into contemporary security threats, geopolitical trends, and the evolving nature of warfare and peacebuilding in our interconnected world.

Discover how traditional concepts of war and peace have transformed in the digital age, examining emerging security challenges, diplomatic innovations, and modern peacebuilding strategies that shape international relations today. From cyber warfare to climate-induced conflicts, we analyze the multifaceted nature of 21st century security dynamics.

Key topics covered:

• Contemporary global conflict patterns and their root causes

• The role of international diplomacy in modern peace processes

• Emerging security threats in the digital and cyber domains

• Innovative approaches to modern peacebuilding and conflict resolution

• Geopolitical trends shaping the future of war and peace

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Explore the profound impact of Christianity during Germany's 2015-2016 refugee crisis in this comprehensive analysis. This episode examines how Christian faith shaped European refugee policies, influenced social integration efforts, and guided humanitarian responses during one of Germany's most significant migration periods.

Discover the complex intersection of religion and migration as we analyze how Christianity affected both political decisions and grassroots community responses. From church-led integration programs to faith-based advocacy for refugee rights, this episode provides valuable insights into the role of religious communities in addressing humanitarian challenges.

We critically examine both the positive contributions and tensions that emerged, offering a balanced perspective on how Christianity influenced German society's response to the refugee crisis. This analysis is essential for understanding religion and migration dynamics in contemporary Europe.

Key topics covered:

• Christianity's role in shaping European refugee policies

• Faith-based approaches to social integration in Germany

• Religious community responses during the 2015-2016 migration surge

• The intersection of religion and migration policy

• Long-term impacts on German society and Christian communities

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