What's That Rash?

Introvert or extrovert, we've all been told about the importance of social connection to our health. Isolation can have knock-on effects for your brain health – and the health of the rest of your body. Norman and Tegan unpack how many friends the average person "needs" and what happens when you're alone but not lonely. References: Social ties and health: the benefits of social integration Social isolation: a predictor of mortality comparable to traditional clinical risk factors The Connection Prescription: Using the Power of Social Interactions and the Deep Desire for Connectedness to Empower Health and Wellness Friendships, Subjective Age, and Life Satisfaction of Women in Midlife The American Friendship Project: A report on the status and health of friendship in America Social connection linked to improved health and reduced risk of early death – World Health Organization Differential Social Cognitive Performance in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Introvert vs Social Anxiety: How to tell the difference  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is retirement bad for you? Chronotypes: early birds vs night owls Should you aim for an alkaline lifestyle?

You might've heard you'll burn more fat if you exercise in the morning before, or in lieu of breakfast. There is some research to back that claim up, but the science on fasted exercise isn’t clear cut. Norman and Tegan work through the evidence on exercising on an empty stomach, and what you can do to maximise your workouts. References: Effects of fasted vs fed-state exercise on performance and post-exercise metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis Effect of Overnight Fasted Exercise on Weight Loss and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Interval training in the fed or fasted state improves body composition and muscle oxidative capacity in overweight women Effects of exercise before or after meal ingestion on fat balance and postprandial metabolism in overweight men Effects of time-restricted eating with exercise on body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis Exercising in the Fasted State Reduced 24-Hour Energy Intake in Active Male Adults Appetite, energy intake and resting metabolic responses to 60 min treadmill running performed in a fasted versus a postprandial state Fasting Before Evening Exercise Reduces Net Energy Intake and Increases Fat Oxidation, but Impairs Performance in Healthy Males and Females Fasted cardio is an attempt to burn stored fat If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! What's the best time of day to exercise? What are the health benefits of coffee? Do glasses make your eyesight worse?

Sit back and relax. Close your eyes. Imagine you're sitting on a calm beach. Now, do you feel more open to suggestion? Hypnotherapy has been around for centuries, and you might've heard about it being used for everything from PTSD to addiction and even IBS. Norman and Tegan guide us through the evidence for using hypnosis in a therapeutic setting, and whether there are any downsides. References: Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis Not everyone can be hypnotized - and researchers are one step closer to understanding why Functional Brain Basis of Hypnotizability A Systematic Review of Hypnosis for Clinical Pain Relief The effectiveness of hypnosis for pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 85 controlled experimental trials Hypnosis as a non-pharmacological intervention for invasive medical procedures - A systematic review and meta-analytic update Gut-directed hypnotherapy for IBS: what is it and what are the options? Gut-Directed Hypnotherapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Does hypnotherapy help people who are trying to stop smoking? - Cochrane Review Effectiveness of hypnosis in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) A Meta-Analysis of Hypnotherapeutic Techniques in the Treatment of PTSD Symptoms Hypnotherapy in the Treatment of Chronic Combat-Related PTSD Patients Suffering From Insomnia: A Randomized, Zolpidem-Controlled Clinical Trial Ericksonian hypnotherapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder The Prefrontal Cortex and Suggestion: Hypnosis vs. Placebo Effects If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! What's the deal with night terrors? Can tapping calm your nervous system? Why do we dream?

As we age, levels of a vital molecule called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) decline. Could reversing this be the key to eternal youth? There’s huge interest in NAD-boosting supplements like nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). But is there good evidence that they can help us live longer, healthier? Norman and Tegan unpack how NAD+ became the focus of anti-aging proponents. This episode first aired on November 4, 2024. References: NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing NAD+ in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders What is really known about the effects of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in humans Dietary Supplementation With NAD+-Boosting Compounds in Humans: Current Knowledge and Future Directions The use of a systems approach to increase NAD+ in human participants Specific ablation of Nampt in adult neural stem cells recapitulates their functional defects during aging

After nearly two years of constant internal border changes, by the end of this week large parts of Australia will once again be open for domestic travel. South Australia opened a few weeks ago, Queensland opened yesterday and Tasmania is due to open tomorrow. Western Australia has also finally given a date and will reopen on the 5th of February next year. So with state and territory bubbles bursting all over the place, what might come next for people who live there? Also on today's show: * How is decoupling going? * Fourth dose anyone? * Pregnancy and booster shots

Australia now has two different booster options to choose from when the inevitable time comes for the third dose of coronavirus vaccine. Moderna was approved by the country's vaccine expert group ATAGI over the weekend. We'll also be able to get the booster a month earlier, with the Government announcing a shorter period due to the threat of waning immunity and new variants. So if Moderna is a choice, should you take it over Pfizer? Does it even matter? And why is the Moderna booster only a half shot? Also on today's show: * A preprint study has found that Astra seems to wane faster than other vaccines, leaving no protective effect against symptomatic disease from Omicron 15 weeks after the second dose. What could this mean for the country's booster campaign?

As the data from initial studies into how Omicron evades our immunity continue to flow in, it's becoming more and more likely that a third dose - or booster - is going to be essential. Several more studies have been released, all showing large falls in immunity to the Omicron variant. One thing that the studies imply though is that there are much higher antibody levels in people who have either been infected, or received a third dose. So how much will third doses be needed to combat Omicron? Also on today's show: Quick Fire Friday! (booster edition)

One of the first studies into Omicron and immunity has reported back and it's not super great news: there's significant evasion of antibodies produced by the Pfizer vaccine. But not all is lost. The study says that the Omicron variant uses the same way of getting into our cells, meaning our existing tools and techniques should be relatively easy to change so they work better. The study is not yet published, and is a very small sample size so it's worth keeping in mind that this is still a very new area of science and is subject to change. Nonetheless, as today's Coronacast explains, it does give us a glimpse of what is likely to come. Also on today's show: * Could a mozzie vaccinate someone by biting a vaxed person and then an unvaxed person? * Your booster experiences

Beyond the nasty and sometimes life-threatening symptoms that COVID can bring, there's another risk: long COVID. It's the collection of prolonged symptoms including brain fog, smell loss and fatigue. And while we know that being vaccinated drastically reduces your risk of a bad bout of COVID itself, a lingering question has been whether it also protects you from long COVID. Well, according to a yet to be peer reviewed study, the answer is yes it does. Also on today's show: * Is there any research work being done to modify the virus to develop a relatively benign but transmissible COVID variant which could be released to "crowd out" the current dangerous variants? * Is there a chance that Omicron is different enough that instead of replacing Delta, you get both if not together then one after another? * And we're after your stories about getting third-doses. Was it easy? Or hard?

Over the next several months, the fight between Delta and Omicron is going to be scientifically fascinating. In the red corner is the current world champion Delta, which easily beat out every other variant of concern to date. In the blue corner is the challenger Omicron, whose continued existence probably relies on its ability to beat out the champion. But how will we know who's winning and when will we get a better sense of it all? Also on today's show: * What makes a virus go viral? * Who decides which variants you make vaccines for? * What happens if Omicron turns up in a place with no Delta (like Queensland or Tasmania, for example)?

It's been a bit more than a week since we learned of Omicron, the newest coronavirus variant of concern. And while we're still a while from knowing solid answers, the world's scientists have done an amazing job over the last 7 days unraveling parts of Omicron's mysteries. The three big questions are will our vaccines continue to work? For people who do get the virus, will it be severe and will it beat Delta to become the coronavirus champion of the world? So on today's Coronacast, what we know from the latest science about answering those big questions. Also on today's show * Does it escape previous immunity and/or our vaccines? * Is it better at spreading than Delta? * Does it matter? Does it make you sicker than previous variants? * Where's Dr Norman Swan's Omicronometer of Panic heading?

Just like we're likely going to be stuck with COVID for the rest of our lives, we're probably also going to be stuck wondering which is the most effective vaccine to protect against it. Well lucky we've got science to help sort it out, with a new study putting the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines head-to-head across hundreds of thousands of people. And other scientists have been busy working out how much protection you have against reinfection, if you are infected in the first place. Also on today's show: * Quick Fire Friday * Tegan interrupts Quick Fire Friday with her own - excellent - Quick Fire Question.

As the days tick by since Omicron was discovered, it's slowly spreading around the world. One example is reports of a couple of Israeli doctors who likely picked up Omicron in the United Kingdom, before flying back home. Their symptoms are said to be mild at the moment, but more worryingly, both of the doctors were fully vaccinated with Pfizer - that's all three doses. So what do we know about how Omicron works with our current vaccines? Also on today's show: * If we have been vaccinated to recognise the spike protein, why are variants so concerning? Is it the spike that changes?

Nearly two years into the global coronavirus pandemic, it's probably safe to say that we're all pretty much ready for it to be done. So no wonder we're hoping that very early reports from South Africa are possibly, just maybe, indicating that the Omicron variant is "milder" than variants before. But how much evidence is there for that yet? Is it true, or just wishful thinking? Also on today's show: * Is it possible that the emergence of this variant is actually an encouraging development for the COVID pandemic? * No big changes yet for Australia's international borders * The Omicron variant mutation that might end up helping us (a bit) * In previous episodes you have mentioned that variants can "out compete" other variants. What exactly does this mean and what is the mechanism behind it? * An update to the Dr Norman Swan Omicronometer of Panic

As the world desperately awaits news from scientists on anything Omicron, some experts have started thinking about where the variant might have come from. One theory is that it's from someone severely immunocompromised, where the virus has had millions of opportunities to evolve against a poor immune response. But it's far from the only theory. So on today's Coronacast, a few other possibilities of where - and when - Omicron might have popped into existence. Also on today's show: * The evolutionary lineage of Omicron * How should Australia be preparing? * The Dr Norman Swan Omicronometer of Panic is born

It's the news we didn't want: There's a new variant of concern in town and it's got all sorts of mutations just where you don't want them. It's also got a new fancy name: Omicron, and it's reportedly outpacing Delta in countries in southern Africa. But is it really? Is it more infectious? Is it more virulent? Is it vaccine resistant, and if so by how much? How much do we really know at the moment? Should I panic? Also on today's show: * What if the Omicron variant is the sort epidemiologists expected to see earlier in the pandemic: highly transmissible and less virulent?

As pandemics go, the coronavirus one is pretty big. It rapidly spread around the world, and is still causing problems. But how does it compare to past pandemics? Are we actually living in a fortunate time in human history? If we could magically replace COVID with a bug from the past, would it be a good or bad idea? Would you prefer the plague? Syphilis? Perhaps a flu pandemic might tickle your fancy. Well to help you decide, on today's Coronacast, we go through the pandemics in history. Also on today's show: * Rapid antigen tests work well against Delta * Quick Fire Friday!

All around the country at the moment are family discussions and debates about what to do about that one relative or friend who still doesn't want to get vaccinated. The numbers of double vaccinated people continue to rise as people realise it's in their benefit to get the jab. But there will always be holdouts, no matter what policies are put in place. So how much does it matter if someone at the Christmas party is unvaccinated when nearly 90 percent of us 12 or older are double dosed? Also on today's show: * How careful should my vaccinated pregnant daughter be about where she goes and who she sees? * What's the latest science on viral loads?

When the slew of variants popped into existence last year, scientists began worrying what it could mean for vaccine resistant variants down the line. So far, the Delta variant has remained top dog. While it is much more infectious than the original coronavirus, thankfully it doesn't evade our vaccines by much. But what about down the line? As more and more of the world is vaccinated, will the virus find a way to evolve to get around vaccines? That’s on today’s Coronacast. Also on today’s show: * Lockdowns return to Europe * How is Japan doing such a good job? * What side effects can I expect from my Pfizer booster shot if I had AstraZeneca for my first and second shot?

As we start to reopen to the world, it's inevitable that we'll start to see more cases of COVID-19 travel over our international and domestic borders. But it's far from the only bug that will make the journey while travelling inside a human. Influenza is one viruses we've been largely protected from over the last 18 months, after international border closures put a halt to incoming flights. So on today's Coronacast, what do we have to keep in mind when reopening and can we protect ourselves and our kids against virus we haven't seen in quite a while. Also on today's show: * Will a third dose give me better protection against variants? * Is there any evidence that taking paracetamol or ibuprofen after vaccination would reduce the body's immune response?

It's become a common claim among people who are still COVID-19 vaccine hesitant, that they say they're "waiting for Novavax". While there are currently three safe and effective vaccines available in Australia, Novavax is still not approved for use. Australia ordered Novavax a year ago, but as yet there's still no sign of it and the TGA says its application for approval is still under evaluation. So on today's Coronacast, if someone says they're waiting for Novavax, here's what you might want to reply with. Also on today's show: * Is it best to have Astra as my third shot? * We want to hear from you! Please fill in our listener survey and tell us what you think of the show.

The head of the umbrella organisation for Australia's Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations says she's nervous about the country's reopening over the next month. CEO of NACCHO Pat Turner says while some Indigenous communities are 100% fully vaccinated, others are far from done. She says part of the problem is state and territory governments wanting to leave it to the Commonwealth, and also certain religious groups bringing in misinformation and myths from the United States. On today's Coronacast, the patchy response to outbreaks in Indigenous communities and what else needs to be done before state borders reopen. GUEST: Pat Turner. CEO of the National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO)

For obvious reasons, pandemics are pretty hot news right now. And it seems every few weeks, we see headlines about a possible new outbreak of potentially pandemic proportions. Thankfully, we haven't seen any new disease outbreaks yet, but it doesn't mean it won't happen sometime in the future. So what should we make of recent stories revealing a jump in avian influenza cases in 2021, and how likely is it that we'll be facing down a new pandemic anytime soon? Also on today's show: * A bit of a deeper dive into a recent article/story in the British Medical Journal, alleging issues with a trial site and its phase three trials of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine.

When the NT's Chief Minister Michael Gunner held the COVID-19 press conference yesterday, he revealed news that many have been dreading. A significant cluster of COVID has been detected, and all the people who were announced yesterday to have contracted the disease are Indigenous Australians. It's the worst day ever for local cases in the NT since the pandemic began. That's on today's Coronacast. Also on today's show: * Where's our vaccination compensation scheme? * Very good news on boosters/third dose * If I've had two doses of Astra and we know that its efficacy wanes quite quickly, where does that leave me after a dose of Pfizer for my third dose? Have I caught up with all the people who had two doses of Pfizer or will I forever have less protection?

Nerves are running high in South Australia, as the state is now only one week away from opening the doors and inevitably letting COVID in. South Australia is leading the way for zero-COVID states, and will be the first to open its doors to people travelling from Victoria, NSW and ACT. It has a vaccination rate that is slowly increasing and may just get to 80 per cent fully vaccinated 16+ by next week. But on today's Coronacast, many are worried about what the future may hold. Also on today's show: * Good news for antibodies in breast milk * Just because you think you had COVID, doesn't mean you did

Australians know full well that the Delta variant loves winter. As the weather warms up here things are looking up, but overseas it's getting colder and case numbers in Europe are rising. Hopefully the heavy impact of winter and Delta won't be felt, thanks to high levels of vaccination in many western European countries. But on today's Coronacast, it hasn't stopped the reimposition of some public health control measures in Denmark. Also on today's show: * Since the pandemic started there's been a massive ramping up of technology development relating to vaccines. If they can develop a vaccine for a new pathogen so quickly, what's next?

When it was clear that the daily new COVID cases in Victoria had peaked, there was hope and speculation that the numbers would drop off quickly like what happened in NSW. But sadly, we're still getting about more than a thousand new cases a day and it's starting to level off at that figure. NSW has levelled off too lately, but at a much lower level of only a couple of hundred a day. So what could be going on and why aren't Victoria's numbers falling faster? And does it matter? Also on today's show: * Could anti-virals cause unvaccinated people to double down on not being vaccinated? * If you are due for a booster in the middle of the summer, might it be much better to wait until April/May and have the next shot when it starts to get colder? * Does Norman hate South Australia?

As vaccination rates increase and restrictions ease, plenty of us are starting to make plans for the Christmas and New Year breaks. But in most of Australia, restrictions aren't easing for everyone. For many people who aren't vaccinated, restrictions are staying or even getting harsher. So is this fair? Is it an effective way of getting the vaccination rate up? And how do you navigate tricky conversations with loved ones who don't feel the same way as you about the vax? GUEST: Professor Julie Leask, a social scientist and professor in the Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney.

With the news that NSW has hit 90 percent double vaccination in 16+, with other parts of the country to follow soon, you could be forgiven for thinking that the pandemic is finally over. But like it or not, we're still living through a pandemic and it's likely in the coming months there'll continue to be outbreaks and waves of COVID-19. It's not all bad news though. New drugs are likely to come online soon giving doctors even more tools to treat infections and prevent deaths. So what else could be in store for us in 2022? On today's Coronacast, we pull out the crystal ball for some blatant speculation.

When the Doherty model was released a few months ago, it set Australia on a path to reopening at various stages of vaccination. Now that the country has hit 80 per cent double dose for 16+, experts from Doherty, Burnet and other organisations have released new models on what we can expect a little further down the line. One of the big ones is how schools can remain open - even when positive cases are detected - so long as students are tested regularly via rapid antigen testing. And the new Doherty modelling has possible ways forward for international arrivals, and vulnerable remote Indigenous communities. Also on today's show: * Why is a booster necessary? After having been double vaccinated, even if the antibody level has waned, shouldn't the memory cells of the immune system kick into action?

The largest age group of active COVID cases in Victoria at the moment are kids, under 9 years old. While hard to compare directly, it's a similar story in NSW. Kids are currently unable to be vaccinated, leaving them vulnerable to infection as more COVID circulates through the community - though thankfully, disease is often very mild in children. But on today's Coronacast, overseas experiences tell us that as more and more kids get COVID, we'll see more rare, but serious events popup. Also on today's show: * Are any of the rapid antigen tests approved/suitable for young children? * Do we have another COVID treatment with that new Pfizer anti-viral drug?

The world passed a grim milestone a few days ago: 5 million deaths from COVID-19 and counting. But the reality is, that the actual deaths from the pandemic are much, much higher. Estimating how high is hard, but researchers can use data around excess deaths - ie, an increase beyond the normal number of people who die on average year to year - as a guide. So on today's Coronacast, why reported COVID deaths are probably grossly underestimated. Also on today's show: * Australia's vaccination rate starts to slow * Who are we missing in relation to vaccination?

A program to vaccinate children in the United States has come closer to reality, after the CDC endorseds the use of COVID-19 shots in kids from 5 to 11. Australian health authorities and regulators have yet to decide if it should happen here, but it is expected to happen in the next couple of months. There has been some debate about whether kids should be vaccinated, with some questioning the very small risks versus the rewards. So on today's Coronacast, what do we know about health problems in children from the vaccine compared to getting COVID-19 itself? Also on today's show: * More on rapid antigen tests * A new COVID treatment?

The rules for fully vaccinated people in NSW are changing for the better next week, with a bunch of restrictions being lifted early thanks to high vaccination rates. But the unvaccinated will have to wait with restrictions longer, as the state aims for even higher levels of vaccination across the population. NSW, Victoria and the ACT are showing that it's possible to get to 95 per cent 12+ vaccination, which is resulting in case numbers falling. So on today's Coronacast, at the rate we're going, when might we run out of arms to stick needles into? Also on today's show: * More on finding which rapid-antigen test is best * If we vaccinated everyone in the world, would SARS-CoV-2 die off?

It was in early May when the Delta variant was officially listed as a variant of concern. Delta turned out to be far more contagious than previous variants, and challenged Australia's public health response. But since then, there haven't been any new variants of concern listed by the World Health Organisation, though there have been a couple of new variants of interest. So why not? And what do we know about the AY4.2 variant that's causing some concern in the UK? Also on today's show: * Should I go overseas on holiday? * My friends believe that the only benefit of being vaccinated to prevent oneself from severe disease. Is this true?

From today, you can buy rapid antigen tests from the shop and use them on yourself to see if you've got COVID-19 or not. Previously, the home, general-public use of antigen tests wasn't available for purchase by the general public. So with a bunch of them on the market for the first time, what should you keep in mind and how do they differ from the usual PCR test we're so used to? That's on today's Coronacast. GUEST: Dr Ian Norton, Managing Director, Respond Global

Australians over 18 years of age who've waited six months from their second COVID vaccine will be given the chance to grab a booster shot if they want one. While the focus will be on aged care and healthcare workers to start, yesterday, the expert panel on vaccinations approved the use of Pfizer booster doses. And - at the moment - it's being sold as a boost, not a requirement to be considered "fully vaccinated" So on today's Coronacast, how did ATAGI come to its recommendation and what can we expect in the months ahead? Also on today's show: * Only Pfizer is approved at the moment, but I want Moderna. Should I wait? * What about mixing vaccines? * Is Norman back at the gym?

Australia's expert vaccination panel may soon tick off on a major expansion to the country's coronavirus vaccination program, paving the way for third doses to be administered. Yesterday, the medicines regulator the TGA approved Pfizer for use as a third dose - sometimes referred to as a booster - for Australians aged 18 or over after six months after their second dose. But despite the third dose boosting immunity, the Federal Government says they won't require it to be considered fully vaccinated. Also on today's show: * How does the TGA and ATAGI work in approving and recommending vaccines? * Why only 18 years or over? * Can I go get it a bit early? * What about side effects?

One of the big unknowns with coronavirus is why some people are left with symptoms from the illness long after they test negative. It's known as long COVID, and studies overseas suggest it affects more than half of people who get COVID to varying degrees of severity. So now we're nearly two years into the coronavirus pandemic, have we learnt more about long-COVID and what type of symptoms seem to be most common? And because Australia has been fortunate enough to get to high levels of vaccination before massive outbreaks, are we likely to avoid the worst of it? Also on today's show: * Is Norman at odds with Australia's chief medical officer on vaccines waning? * Some of my friends in WA are hesitant to get the vaccine and anti-mandate. What do I do?

As more states open their borders in coming months, more COVID than ever will be circulating through the community. Vaccines will help protect many of us, but for vulnerable people - like the elderly or immunocompromised - additional protections may be needed. So if you have someone close that is more vulnerable to severe disease from a COVID-19 infection, what are some of the things you can do to help reduce the risk? Also on today's show: * 2nd generation vaccines vs natural immunity * Will my pets need to be vaccinated too? * Are there/will there be any plant based COVID vaccines? * A study on fertility and the AstraZeneca vaccine (no problems found)

As more and more of the country is vaccinated, state and territory governments are starting to outline which restrictions we will lose when we reach very high levels of coverage. Over the weekend, Victoria revealed that when it reaches 90 per cent double dose in a month there will be no density caps, and masks will only be mandatory at certain high-risk settings. But how do we know when is the right time to lift restrictions and what can we learn from countries that have been this way before? Also on today's show: * Surgical masks give me "mascne" so I was going to invest in some 100 per cent silk reusable masks that are less likely to cause breakouts. They have a cotton interior but do you think they'd be effective enough against Delta? * When a zero-COVID state opens up with hopefully high vaccination rates, will it be more vulnerable because there is no natural immunity in the community from infections?

There's been all sorts of vaccination targets bandied about over the last year: 70 per cent, 80 per cent, 16+ eligibility, 12+ eligibility. It never seems to end. But what if - and this might not make you happy because it seems almost impossible at the moment - the real target should be 95 per cent? It's been done overseas: in Portugal and Iceland. So what would it take to do it here and what benefits do you get? Also on today's show: * Vaccine mandates are coming * When will we have a vaccine approved for children under 12yrs? * Where's Novavax? * Where's Ollie? Wally? What?

Greater Melbourne will finally come out of lockdown a minute before the strike of midnight tonight, which will be a huge relief to millions of people. But the city comes out of lockdown with high daily caseloads - with the rolling five day average being around 1850. When NSW came out of lockdown, its daily caseload was much lower - and has remained low and is showing no signs of increasing again. So can we expect cases to fall in Melbourne? Rise? Level off? And does reopening with a large caseload in a highly vaccinated population even matter? Also on today's show: * Australia hits 70 per cent double-dosed * Norman wants to see some quokkas * What is the difference going to be for Victoria opening up with so many more cases than NSW? * Can you get COVID-19 three times?

When the various states and territories report their daily vaccination rates as a mix of single and double doses, should they perhaps also be adding in third doses? The COVID-19 vaccines in Australia are currently limited to two doses, but so far only immunocompromised people have been approved to get a third shot. So should that be extended to older people and perhaps healthcare workers who got their vaccine in March or April? On today's Coronacast, all your questions about the third dose including waning protection from Astra and Pfizer, timing and when to count it all from. Also: thank you to all our listeners - especially those who've listened to all 400 episodes of Coronacast. You are champions!

Until now, a lot of the worry about COVID-19 in Australia has been about how zero-COVID states will rejoin NSW, Victoria and the ACT. Well yesterday, Queensland put its plan forward saying that December 17, 2021 is the date its borders will be broadly reopened once again to other states, including hotspots. So with vaccination rates in Queensland lagging, will this be the push some need to go and get the jab? And what might it mean for other zero-COVID states? Also on today's show: * Third doses and Norman's mea culpa * Southern Tasmania comes out of lockdown * Your ideas to boost vaccination rates

Victoria's lockdown will end this Thursday night, when the state expects to reach its first vaccine goal of 70 per cent double vaccinated. Reasons to leave the home and the curfew will be lifted, which will be a huge relief to the people of Melbourne which have suffered through many long lockdowns. But it's not as if the pandemic will end this week: many working in the hospital system are in for a rough time as the state opens up. Also on today's show * Mixing and matching boosters * NSW hits 80 per cent. What comes next? * The new drug Ronapreve. What is it?

The arrival of the Delta variant really was a massive curveball that few experts saw coming. It ripped through populations overseas and quickly punched holes in Fortress Australia. It especially challenged our public health response with its incredible infectiousness and has taken hold in NSW, Victoria and ACT. But how did Delta come into existence in the first place? And as more and more of us are vaccinated, what might come next as the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to evolve? On today's Coronacast, a very special guest explains all. GUEST: * University of Sydney evolutionary biologist Professor Eddie Holmes

It's sometimes easy to forget that the COVID-19 pandemic affects more than just physical health. It also taken a massive toll on mental health. And according to some new research, the two pandemic factors that lead to the worst mental health outcomes are rising case numbers and lockdowns. Globally, the most affected groups are young people and women, and poorer countries in particular have seen higher mental health burdens. Also on today's show: * Why do some people get sicker from COVID than others? * You seem confident we will get booster shots but I heard Dr Paul Kelly sat last week that there is evidence to suggest not - that the vaccine may even last a lifetime? Did I hear incorrectly? * I live in a rural community and regularly drive past the sewerage works. The smell is often very noticeable. Is there a risk of virus carrying aerosol droplets leading to catching COVID?

A lot of the discussion about COVID lately has been on the big outbreaks in NSW, Victoria and the ACT, and less about states that don't have current outbreaks. But as states like WA, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and the Northern Territory start to plan their border reopenings, it also means COVID will eventually find its way in. So what can the smaller and still COVID free states expect in coming months? Will cases skyrocket in a highly vaccinated population? And will people there have to get used to restrictions that currently don't apply? Also on today's show: * What does full vaccination mean for getting (or not getting) long COVID? * We keep hearing the risk for under 12s is very low. Could you please clarify the best understanding of the hospitalisation, death, and long COVID risk for children under 12s?

While COVID-19 is currently in two of Australia's states and the ACT, the reality is eventually it will get everywhere. And eventually, the theory goes, COVID-19 will infect everyone. Vaccination will help stop the vast majority of people getting severe symptoms which may put them in hospital, but there'll always be people who can't or won't be immunised. So does getting COVID-19 after being vaccinated help with longer term immunity? And therefore if you're fully vaccinated, is it worth trying to get infected on purpose? Also on today's show: * How many people don't get their second dose? * What might happen now in NSW?

Many restrictions are being lifted in NSW today, after the state last week hit the 70 percent double vaccination target. For many, it's a time to reconnect with loved ones and start to live life once again - this time in a more COVID-normal way. But for others, the reopening is both exciting and a bit nerve wracking - as people take time to re-adjust. Also on today's show: * I'm worried about my kids going back to school * What's going on with Moderna and myocarditis/pericarditis in young men?

NSW will take its first step out of lockdown on Monday, and it'll be slightly bigger than expected. The state's new Premier has made some small changes in relation to what fully vaccinated people will be able to do in just a few days. So what can we expect to case numbers, vaccination rates, hospitalisation and ICU admissions? And what about the rest of the country - like Victoria and ACT - which will be taking the same steps as NSW in coming weeks and months? On today's Coronacast, a very special guest to help talks us through all the data.

As case numbers continue to decline in NSW and the date for opening up gets closer, the state has started to provide details on how isolation requirements for close contacts might work for the vaccinated. For vaccinated people, isolation after close contact will be halved if you're vaccinated - though movement restrictions may still apply. It's just one of many changes coming for people in NSW and Victoria - and likely other states in coming months - as more risk tolerant ,COVID-normal policies are implemented. So on today's Coroancast, what could it look like and how have other parts of the world handled it? Also on today's show: * Why are you dissing Tamiflu? * Tegan's etymology club gains more members. It's got four people now!

Victoria posted a new national record for new COVID cases day yesterday, with 1763 cases. There have been a number of worrying big days recently, and there are few signs that the outbreak is slowing down in any meaningful way. So what could be going on, especially considering vaccination levels in Victoria are now higher than they were in NSW when that state hit its peak several weeks ago. That's on today's Coronacast. Also on today's show: * Kids and schools and ventilation * I know this could change any second, but how have we managed to dodge so many bullets in Queensland? * Can you tell me what the difference is between a 12 year old and a 10 year old getting vaccinated? * Tegan starts a drug name etymology club. Who wants in?!

NSW is only days away from hitting the 70 per cent double dose vaccination figure, which will see the city begin its reopening from early next week. And while Victoria is a few weeks behind, hospitalisation and ICU data there are showing dramatic drop offs in the percentages who are admitted. It's yet another success story for COVID-19 vaccines, and hopefully is a sign of even better things to come. But on today's Coronacast, if vaccines are so successful why are we hearing about more people in hospital for COVID treatment who have had a shot? Also on today's show: * All you questions on COVID-19 treatments answered: we talk molnupiravir and sotrovimab

'Go hard, go early' was the playbook when there was a Delta outbreak in Victoria in early August. But nearly two months later the state is on the same curve as NSW was. So why is Victoria tracking the same way NSW did when it responded more quickly? And does it mean we can expect the curve to bend when vaccination rates rise? Also on today's show: * If I successfully fend of an infection, does that help my immune system? * What's the ideal gap for AstraZeneca vaccination? * Quick Fire Friday returns with: What Would Norman Do?

The outbreaks in NSW and Victoria are now large enough that it's impossible to follow what's happening with the detail that we once used to be able to. But one thing that we should keep an eye on is hospitalisation and deaths coming from the outbreaks. In NSW, it seems as though hospitalisations are falling - as more people come forward for vaccinations. In Victoria, the numbers are still rising. So on today's Coronacast, how are Australia's outbreaks tracking? And what might we expect in coming weeks? Also on today's show: * Hello South Australia * Clarifications about Monday's episode on Pfizer transmission data

The medicines regulator in Australia has paved the way for home-testing COVID-19 kits to be made available from November 1st. Currently, the most common way people are tested for COVID is via a PCR test, which requires at least a day's wait, a lab and fancy equipment. But soon, people will be able to do a rapid antigen test at home and get a result in 15 minutes. So on today's Coronacast, what is a rapid antigen test? And why might it be more useful as we start to reopen? Also on today's show: * Whatever happened to fully vaccinated meaning 2 doses + 2 weeks? * Norman, when do you think you will feel comfortable boarding an airplane?

With nearly 52 per cent of Australians over 16 years now fully vaccinated, there is more and more talk about opening up once it's safe. But there are other parts of the world that are a bit ahead of us, opening up and removing all restrictions. The UK removed restrictions in July, Denmark ended COVID restrictions two weeks ago, and Norway removed restrictions over the weekend. So on today's Coronacast, what can we learn from those countries on our own path to eventually reopening? Also on today's show: * You said that Pfizer drops 22 per cent every month in effectiveness. Does this mean that after 5 months if you had Pfizer, you're no longer protected against COVID? * Is there any risk of catching the virus from swimming pool water?

Australia's vaccination rate increasing over the weeks has been a thing of beauty to watch, and hopefully soon will help pay out dividends. But along with helping prevent the hospital system from collapsing, vaccines might be better than we thought at helping you avoid catching COVID-19 at all. A pre-print study out of the UK has recently reported back in a massive study and has been able to slice and dice all sorts of variables when it comes to avoiding COVID. But there are some interesting differences depending on which vaccine you got.

*** AFTER THIS EPISODE, WE'RE TAKING A WEEK OFF! WE'LL BACK ON THE 27TH SEPTEMBER! *** Victorians have hit their first big vaccine milestone of 70 percent first dose coverage, and have been given a slight reprieve in lockdown restrictions. Small outdoor gatherings, increased distances of travel for shopping or exercise and reopening of outdoor exercise equipment are some of the changes. But as Melbourne - and Sydney - take small steps to eventual reopening, what are the chances that they - or other parts of the country - will end up back in lockdown down the line? Also on today's show: * Do NSW data show that our vaccines might be better at preventing infection than we thought? * Peer reviewed data from Israel shows boosters work for the Pfizer vaccine * How long will it be until a person with COVID-19 does not need to isolate for 14 days? * Has any research been conducted to determine a difference in vaccine reactions between males and females? * My son is 15 months old and has never been sick. Is there any research about what COVID-19 might do with an almost completely new immune system?

NSW yesterday hit a new milestone for vaccination in Australia. More than 80 per cent of the state has now had their first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, and it's still rocketing along. While it's still several more weeks before the 70 per cent double vaccination targets are met, for everyone under lockdown it's a wonderful thing to see. Add to that the hope that the state could be starting to see that the curve in new cases is levelling off. Also on today's show: * Lockdowns see life get worse for many Australians * What are the chances of someone taking the COVID-19 virus to a gym or club, pub or restaurant if only the fully vaccinated are allowed in?

Fully vaccinated people in NSW are counting down the days until they can get some additional freedoms when the state reaches the 70 per cent vaccination rate. But some experts are warning that releasing the brake too quickly might see case numbers and then hospitalisations shoot up again So why could cases once again rise when 70 per cent of the eligible population is fully vaccinated? That's on today's Coronacast. Also on today's show: * Dr Swan said he would not go back to the gym at 70 per cent vaccination rates. Why not? As a fully vaccinated person isn't it safe? * Cases dropping in NSW? ACT goes another month for lockdowns and Victoria still struggling * Western Australians over 60 can get Pfizer jab now. Should we redirect the vaccine to NSW and/or Victoria?

We keep hearing that vaccination might not be enough to get us out of the grip of COVID - so what will be enough? Well, a new group of Australian experts has taken a stab at the types of interventions that may be required alongside vaccination if we are to successfully live with COVID-19. While high vaccination rates are part of it, it also includes measures like proper ventilation in buildings, vaccinating children when possible, masks and extra vaccine doses. So on today's Coronacast, how might we live with COVID-19 in 2022? Also on today's show: * What was the first year of COVID like in Australia for our health? * Updates on NSW and Victoria.

A new vaccine will be arriving next week in Australia, to help bolster vaccine rates and protect Australians from COVID-19. The Moderna vaccine, known by its brand name Spikevax or by its scientific name mRNA-1273, is the country's third vaccine to be administered to the public. The Federal Government yesterday announced additional supplies of Moderna, in addition to the ten million doses already coming later this year. So on today's Coronacast, who is Moderna? And what can we expect from this vaccine? Also on today's show: * Will Norman go back to the Gym at 70 per cent? * What do we know about the COVID-19 vaccine on pregnancy?

The NSW Government has released its plan on what will happen once the state passes the 70 per cent double-vaccination target. Changes for fully vaccinated people include abilities to visit more hospitality and retail venues, visit each other at home and head back into stadiums. But the 70 per cent double-vaccination target is only of eligible people, so works out to be roughly 56 per cent of the whole population. So on today's Coronacast, how risky is the plan? Also on today's show: * Vaccine passports! Coming to a place near you. How might they work and how reliable are they?

After a massive few months of outbreaks and lockdowns popping up across the country, things seem to have stabilised a bit lately. While health authorities remain on alert around the nation, serious outbreaks are being managed in three jurisdictions: NSW, Victoria and ACT. Everyone is racing towards high levels of vaccination to either control the outbreak or to avoid the worst of it if another one pops up. So on today's Coronacast, how is everything going and the race to 80 per cent plus. Also on today's show: * If you've been double vaccinated, isn't it better to get exposed to covid to get a good immune response rather than getting a booster shot? * What is the rate of hospitalisation once we reach 70 per cent (16+) and 80 per cent vaccinated?

We keep hearing that the coronavirus vaccine isn't 100 per cent effective in stopping transmission of the virus from one person to another. And so you could be forgiven for thinking, well what's the point of getting vaccinated if it only protects you from severe disease and doesn't help protect others around you. Well, the good news is that it does help protect others because it does lower the risk of transmitting the virus, and we have the evidence to prove it. That's on today's Coronacast. Also on today's show: * Are we getting to the peak of the outbreak in NSW? * Why do you have to inject the COVID-19 vaccine?

As we race towards our national COVID-19 vaccination targets, it's sometimes easy to forget that broad averages like 70 and 80 per cent don't always tell the full story. One area in particular to keep an eye on is the vaccination rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Indigenous Australians are well behind non-Indigenous Australians in the vaccination rollout across large parts of the country. So on today's Coronacast, what are the barriers to First Nations' people being vaccinated? Also on today's show: * When will NSW peak? * Duration of peak infectiousness

As Australia's vaccine rollout continues to grow, and more people get the opportunity to be vaccinated, attention is turning to those who can't. From the 13th September, kids aged 12-15 can get their jab. But many are wondering when - or if - children younger than that may get their chance. And in Queensland, Premier Anna Palaszczuk has suggested delaying opening up until kids under 12 can get a shot - but there are still no vaccines approved anywhere in the world for that age group. So on today's Coronacast, what do we know about young children and Delta? And is it fair to wait until they too can be vaccinated? Also on today's show: * Does vaccination reduce your risk of long COVID? * And what do we know about AstraZeneca and booster doses?

It's well known by now that you need to have both doses of whatever vaccine you have for the best possible protection against coronavirus. But what if it actually takes three shots to get there? We are learning more and more about immunity against COVID-19 from overseas experiences, including a successful booster program in Israel. So might the ol' two dose vaccine regime actually take three? That's on today's Coronacast.

There are to be no large changes to Victoria's lockdown restrictions, after a large jump in cases overnight and Government acceptance that the Delta outbreak can't be brought back to zero. Apart from some small changes, such as reopening playgrounds, people in Melbourne will remain in lockdown until vaccine levels get high enough. But that's not to say the lockdown in both Victoria and NSW has been without success. Modelling has shown many tens of thousands of cases have been prevented with the extreme social distancing. So on today's Coronacast, what happened in Victoria and what could it mean for other states? Also on today's show: * An interesting study from Hong Kong on eye sight and lockdowns. * My kid's best friends come from a family that's vehemently opposed to the vaccine. We hang out all the time. I'm not going to convince them and I don't want to stop being with them but I'm concerned there is additional risk there for us. What should I do?

The Victorian Government will today announce details around how it plans to manage COVID-19 cases as it rushes to vaccinate as many people as possible. Yesterday, Premier Daniel Andrews said he'd be meeting with health officials to develop thresholds for the easing of the lockdown, where possible. It's a move away from the COVID-zero goal of the past, as it appears unlikely that the state will manage to eliminate the spread of the Delta variant. So on today's Coronacast, is this a new medium term strategy of balancing caseloads with the hope enough people will be vaccinated before the health system crumbles? Also on today's show: * Is there any research on having a mRNA shot first followed by Astra in terms of efficacy and safety? * An interesting study on COVID-19 and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases

It was another record day yesterday for NSW in COVID-19 cases, and the wave is showing no signs of slowing down. And yesterday in even more grim news, the Premier Gladys Berejiklian flagged that October would be the worst month for hospitals and ICU units. That's despite the vaccination rate in NSW charging ahead thanks to a population rushing forward to be vaccinated and additional supply helping things out. So on today's Coronacast, why is October being tipped to be bad when the vaccine rate is growing so quickly? Also on today's show: * What can we learn about long-COVID from the people who've lived with it longest? * I am confused by the target of 70 to 80 per cent immunisation before opening up. There is a very big difference between 70 and 80. Can you explain please? * What's the likelihood that our third doses of mRNA vaccine will have been changed to specifically target the Delta variant?

Case numbers in both Victoria and NSW continue to climb, with both states yesterday posting new daily records for this year. While Victoria's daily cases are far behind NSW, Victoria is on a similar trajectory as NSW was - despite locking down hard and early. So what's going on? Why are cases continuing to rise? Also on today's show: * ATAGI recommends vaccinations for 12-15 year olds * With kids getting the vaccines, what will that mean for the 70/80 per cent targets (as more people are now getting vaccinated) * What is the likelihood of an even more transmissible or deadly strain emerging and what should we be doing to be ready for it?

Fully vaccinated NSW residents will be given a very small increase in freedoms, after the state reached more than 6 million vaccination doses earlier this week. The state's Premier Gladys Berejiklian yesterday revealed that from mid-September, people who are fully vaccinated will be able to meet more people or spend more time outdoors - depending on where they live. But it wasn't all good news, with the state revealing more than 1000 new COVID-19 cases - the highest it's been in Australia at any point of the pandemic. So on today's Coronacast, is this a turning point in how lockdowns operate as we move on from trying to eliminate COVID spread? Also on today's show: * How are we supposed to keep following the rules when we get nothing in return? * Please tell us about Lambda and AY3. Should we be concerned?

You might have heard a friend or family member say 'I'm waiting for Pfizer', on the assumption that the mRNA vaccine works better than others. But according to a recent study from the University of Oxford, immunity from the Pfizer vaccine may actually start to wane faster than AstraZeneca. A month ago, Israel began a program of booster shots, giving older people a third shot of the vaccine to try and help tame a growing outbreak of the Delta variant. So on today's Coronacast, what do we know about how long immunity may last? Also on today's show: * What effect would it have on our community if those who are fully vaccinated were given some benefits, such as reduced restrictions? * When do we stop contact tracing altogether?

The Doherty Institute Model is the hottest ticket in town, with everyone from politicians to punters talking about what happens when we reach 70 and 80 per cent vaccination levels. But there are a lot of assumptions that have to be made to come up with a model, and Doherty Institute's plan is no different. Among other things, it assumes a certain level of cases, a functioning contact tracing system even at high numbers and vaccines that keep us immune to COVID-19. But on today's Coronacast, how valid are those assumptions in the real world?

A glance at the headlines reveals some worrying news: it seems the Delta coronavirus variant is affecting young people and kids far more than previous strains. And it's true, but while more kids are getting Delta, they're not getting more sick. Data from NSW shows that the infection rate is around 10 to 15 times higher, but the rate of hospitalisation is about the same at roughly 2 per cent. So what could be going on? And what does should we aim for in regards to vaccinating kids? Also on today's show: * From hard lockdowns to softer ones? * Do old strains of coronavirus disappear after it has mutated into the new strain? Is there only the Delta strain now?

Australia's vaccine rollout got off to a rough start. It slow to begin and was plagued with problems regarding patchy supply and shifting eligibility. But in the last few weeks, we've really hit our stride with data from the ABC showing that NSW is now vaccinating more people per million each week than the UK and the USA at their peak. So on today's Coronacast, with increased supply of Pfizer and Moderna due next month and young people running out to get AstraZeneca, can we maintain the pace and will it help us end lockdowns forever? Also on today's show: * Can you do an update on exactly what vaccination does and doesn't do in terms of protecting individuals and society? * I have had one dose of Pfizer. Do I have any protection against the virus yet? * I'm in Tasmania and over 60 years old but worried about AstraZeneca. Is there any possible alternative? * Norman always says lockdown early. Can you please explain how Melbourne numbers are going up so quickly despite locking down at the first case?

If there's one thing that's become a feature of the COVID-19 pandemic, it's that it has seemed to drag on and on. While it seems like a long time ago, it was only early last year when the SARS-CoV-2 virus popped into our lives. But how far left have we got to go? If it was a play, what act are we in? And can we take an interval break? Also on today's show: * Doherty Institute modelling said we can start opening up at 70 per cent and 80 per cent vaccination rate. This was based on small numbers in the community. What would be the effect of opening with large numbers? * Since NSW is headed for thousands more cases, could people living there be travelling internationally before everyone else? * Has anyone caught COVID-19 twice? If so, was it worse the second time?

As the COVID-19 case numbers in Sydney continue to rise exponentially, regional NSW is also busy battling the spread of the virus. Of the 633 cases yesterday, there were 23 cases from western NSW, 16 from the Hunter region and 4 in far western NSW. The continued spread in regional areas is a massive worry, as regional areas have both vulnerable populations and unique challenges not found in metropolitan areas. Also on today's show: * Big jump in NSW's testing positivity rate * Victoria, ACT and New Zealand continue to battle their own outbreaks * If zero cases in NSW is no longer an option, but it is still possible elsewhere, what do we do? * What does Norman mean when he refers to getting the NSW second wave "under control". He often says this after quoting experts who think COVID zero is out of reach. What are we aiming for in NSW?

As we can see from what's happening around the country, the Delta variant has changed the game when it comes to controlling the spread of coronavirus. It seems unlikely Sydney will ever regain control, and there are major battles in ACT and Melbourne. The Delta variant has surprised virologists with how it popped into existence and how it has so rapidly taken over. But not all is lost. On today's Coronacast, the three scenarios of where we could be headed next. Also on today's show: * A worrying risk of double infections in children * What's going on with NSW contact tracing?

The ACT is in a week-long lockdown, joining many other regional NSW local government areas and Melbourne on their journey to stopping Delta. The ACT Chief Health Officer Dr Kerryn Coleman says as yet there's no known link back to known Sydney cases, and genomic information will be available today. And Victoria yesterday recorded two cases in hotel quarantine who had arrived on a plane from Sydney. So on today's Coronacast, with the virus continuing to push outwards, can anything be done to stop it? Coronacast is taking a small break. We'll be back on Wednesday 18th August!

It sounds impossible: the complete and utter annihilation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, worldwide. Almost too silly to even mention. Well, according to a research paper published in the British Medical Journal's Global Health it's something that - while very difficult - may be possible. The article says that COVID-19 eradication might be slightly more feasible than for polio, which was almost eradicated from the world. So on today's Coronacast, is it possible? And what else is the research telling us about COVID-19?

If you've been following the daily COVID-19 case numbers in Sydney, you'll know the numbers are steadily increasing. So far, despite a lockdown lasting weeks and weeks, the NSW Government's restrictions have not yet managed to bend the curve. The NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian says the fight against Delta means the old way of doing things needs to be revisited and it needs a different approach. So on today's Coronacast, does Delta change things? And if so, how? Also on today's show: * Research finds infections were three times lower in people who were fully vaccinated

The nation's vaccine goals are all about getting 70 to 80 per cent of people aged 16 or more vaccinated. But that still leaves large numbers of people who aren't vaccinated, and the vast majority of them are kids. So what's the plan for kids when the country starts opening up and what do we know about when vaccines might be trialled and approved for children? Also on today's show: * If two doses of either COVID-19 vaccines offer around 90 per cent protection against hospitalisation and death from the virus, that is still a 1 in 10 chance of being hospitalised if I get the virus. I thought that without being vaccinated the hospitalisation rate was around 1 in 10. I must be missing something here. Can you please explain? * More on the time gap between AstraZeneca shots in different states.

It seems short, sharp lockdowns are the new black, and are now being used regularly down the east coast of mainland Australia. Brisbane's short, sharp lockdown lifted yesterday, but Victoria, Cairns and parts of regional NSW have all entered one since last week. So are we going to see large parts of Australia enter and exit lockdown until enough of us are vaccinated? Also on today's show: * Why you may be better covered by getting AstraZeneca today, rather than waiting for another option * You spoke about a study that indicated that Pfizer is 88 per cent effective at preventing symptomatic disease. Does that also mean that the remaining 12 per cent means that even if you do get symptoms they are likely to be far less severe?

As Australia's march towards higher and higher rates of vaccination rolls on, more and more ideas are being thrown around to try and convince eligible people to get the jab. Yesterday, fruit and vegetable processor SPC became the first Australian company to mandate vaccines for all onsite staff and visitors. It raises the question: if SPC can do it, why aren't we seeing similar mandates for healthcare, aged care and child care workers? At the moment, the answer is ... complicated, as you'll hear on today's Coronacast. Also on today's show: * Kids and long COVID. Good news! * How effective are masks? I've read 80 per cent, then heard someone say 40 per cent. What's the latest research? * Norman has often said that 80 to 90 per cent of people don't pass on the virus. I don't have any special data on this but that *feels* way too high. Is it?

With the coronavirus outbreak in NSW not yet showing many signs of getting better, and another outbreak in Queensland growing by the day - it's all a bit depressing But there is good news: the vaccine program is finally speeding up and with every passing day thousands more people are vaccinated against COVID-19. So on today's Coronacast, if very high vaccination rates can continue in NSW, a turn around might not be as far away as we fear. Also on today's show: * The end of winter will coincide with predicted population vaccination goals. How do we distinguish between the seasonal aspect of COVID and vaccine effect? * Why is forcing over 60s to have AstraZeneca not being recognised as discrimination and agism? * I am 61, when will I be eligible for the Pfizer jab? * Can we get more Pfizer doses by using the remaining amount at the end of each vial?

If you thought we’ve suddenly been awash with modelling on the best way forward for Australia's response to coronavirus and how to reach so-called herd immunity you’d be right. But yesterday we got the report we’ve all been waiting for: the assumptions and details behind the Doherty Institute’s modelling. The Doherty Institute is one of the best in the country and it's the organisation that’s been advising the Commonwealth on how to get a soft landing in this pandemic when we eventually reopen to the world. So on today’s Coronacast, what can we take away from the report and might we soon see a vaccine rollout shakeup?

As the number of COVID-19 cases in Sydney continues to grow, so do the numbers of people in hospital and intensive care. Currently, there are 232 COVID-19 cases in hospital in NSW. 54 of them are in intensive care and 25 require ventilation. So what's it like inside Sydney's ICU wards? And how does it differ from last year? Also on today's show: * Why are kids under 16 left out of the national roadmap? * Are we throwing under 16's or under 12's under a bus by not including them in the roll out for the vaccine? * Why do we still have vaccine eligibility? Wouldn't it be better to set up a hub and let anyone who wants it come and get it?

Australia is planning on taking the next big steps in its response to the global coronavirus pandemic. The Federal Government last week released a four-stage plan on how we'll manage virus outbreaks as more and more of us are vaccinated. In it, the first trigger point comes when 70 per cent of the eligible population - that's 16 years or older - are fully vaccinated. On today's Coronacast, why that number might be a bit easier to reach than you'd think and why it might not be enough to see the end of restrictions. Also on today's show: * What is the reasoning behind NSW Government's decision to prioritise vaccinating year 12 students?

Do you like the sound of no more lockdowns? What about minimal to no restrictions on day-to-day life? We constantly hear vaccination is our way out of this bloody pandemic, but just how many of us need to get vaccinated before it can end? Well, the experts over at the Grattan Institute have tackled this very problem and say the figure is 80 per cent of Australians. So on today's Coronacast, since only 32 per cent of us have at least one dose, it seems like there's a road to travel. But how long might it take? GUEST: Professor Stephen Duckett, Director, Health Program at Grattan Institute

Sydneysiders face another four weeks in lockdown, as health authorities desperately try to bend the curve of coronavirus infections. While there has been some tightening of restrictions, epidemiologists remain skeptical it'll achieve a decline in caseloads anytime soon. Restrictions are tighter in eight of Sydney's local government areas, which were expanded to include Parramatta, Campbelltown and Georges River where people can't leave unless for very specific work. So on today's Coronacast, will four more weeks be enough? Or in a month, could we be in the same place we are now?

As lockdowns lift in Victoria and South Australia overnight, big problems remain in New South Wales. A week ago, NSW had posted 110 locally acquired cases. Yesterday, it recorded 172 new locally acquired COVID-19 cases, the highest daily number since the outbreak began in June. So on today's Coronacast, as Sydneysiders wait to hear about the future of the lockdown, what might the NSW Government be considering? Also on today's show: * What is the latest on natural immunity? How long does it last? * There was talk in Victoria with some cases testing positive on day 13 in isolation. Doesn't Delta have a quicker onset than other strains?

As new coronavirus variants come onto the scene, it forces us to revisit what we know about COVID-19 and how to deal with it. We already know the Delta variant is more infectious, but is it more deadly? Early data from overseas, and from Australia on ICU admissions imply that it is - but knowing for sure may take a bit longer to know. Also on today's show: * Say you got the vaccine and then 30 seconds later, a shark bit off your arm. Would the vaccine still be effective, or does enough of the vaccine stuff happen in your arm itself that you'd need another dose?

While millions of young people wait for enough vaccine to arrive in the country, there are still large numbers of people who are eligible today that haven't yet gotten a shot. According to Commonwealth data, roughly 40 per cent of Australians in their 60s have not yet been vaccinated. It's vital that as many people are vaccinated as possible, and for the Delta variant currently circulating in the country's largest states, a person needs two shots for the best protection. On today's Coronacast, if people in their 60s are waiting for Pfizer, they might be waiting for a while. Also on today's show: * If Delta is more contagious, are masks less effective?

A lot is riding on NSW being able to get its hand around its COVID-19 outbreak and bring it all back under control, but there's no guarantee that it'll be able to do it. And there are huge implications for the rest of the country. What will happen to hotel quarantine? Will other states give up vaccine allocations to the state most in need? And how will people travel in and out of NSW? Also on today's show: * Comparative effectiveness of COVID vaccines against Delta * Aaaaand Quick Fire Friday References: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2108891