What's That Rash?

How much time does your oral hygiene routine take? You brush, floss, interdent, maybe even use a tongue scraper. Is using a mouthwash going to give you any additional benefit? Or could you be doing some harm? Norman and Tegan answer questions about the effectiveness of mouthwash, what it does to your oral microbiome and why there might be a link to blood pressure. References: Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals Effectiveness of Mouthwashes in Managing Oral Diseases and Conditions: Do They Have a Role? Effect of Adjunctive Use of Commercial Daily Mouthwashes on Periodontal Health: An Umbrella Review Effect of post-brushing mouthrinse solutions on salivary fluoride retention Mouthwash Effects on the Oral Microbiome: Are They Good, Bad, or Balanced? Effects of chlorhexidine and a polyherbal mouthwash on the oral microbiome and user satisfaction: a randomized controlled trial The Effects of Antimicrobial Mouthwashes on Systemic Disease: What Is the Evidence? Oral hygiene, mouthwash usage and cardiovascular mortality during 18.8 years of follow-up Does Mouthwash Use Affect Oral Cancer Risk? A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis An update on mouthwashes: advice for dental practitioners  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Can flossing benefit more than your teeth? How risky is sharing a toothbrush? Should you opt for aluminium-free deodorant?

Continuous glucose monitors, or CGMs, have transformed how people with diabetes manage their blood sugar. But in wellness circles, more and more people without diabetes are being encouraged to try these devices. Norman and Tegan get to the bottom of what these devices can actually tell you, and the potential harms. References: The wellness inspired rise of continuous glucose monitors for people without diabetes, including those with metabolic disorders – BMJ features Continuous glucose monitoring in non-diabetic populations: a systematic review of observational and interventional studies with meta-analysis  Blood glucose monitoring devices: current consideration – Australian Prescriber The Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Diagnose Stage 2 Type 1 Diabetes Associations of continuous glucose monitor derived time in range and glycaemic variability with diet lifestyle and demographics Different Glucose Variability in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome With and Without Insulin Resistance: A Pilot Study Understanding the benefits and psychological burdens of using continuous glucose monitoring for lifestyle change: A mixed-methods cross-sectional study Unintended Consequences: The Intersection of Diabetes Technology and Disordered Eating Risk  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Should we all be taking fish oil? Tonsils, appendix, gallbladder: is anything actually useless? Should you wait to swim after eating?

Not many people would argue that rest isn’t important, but how would you define a rest day? For an elite athlete a rest day could be going for a long walk. For your average person it could mean sitting on the couch. Norman and Tegan ask – why is rest important, and do you need it to make progress in the gym? References: 'No pain, no gain' debunked: Why post-exercise soreness is not essential for building muscle Skeletal muscle and resistance exercise training; the role of protein synthesis in recovery and remodeling Effects of Different Between Test Rest Intervals in Reproducibility of the 10-Repetition Maximum Load Test: A Pilot Study with Recreationally Resistance Trained Men The time course for elevated muscle protein synthesis following heavy resistance exercise Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus Statement Effects of Consecutive Versus Non-consecutive Days of Resistance Training on Strength, Body Composition, and Red Blood Cells Nonconsecutive versus consecutive-day resistance training in recreationally trained subjects Fatigue, pain, and the recovery of neuromuscular function after consecutive days of full-body resistance exercise in trained men Effects of Consecutive Days of Exercise and Recovery on Muscle Mechanical Function How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury    If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is retirement bad for you? Do the benefits of creatine go beyond the gym? Diet vs exercise: which is more important?

Have you ever spritzed your pillow with lavender and wondered, is this actually doing anything? There are some surprising ways that smells can affect sleep, and it might have something to do with how our brains work. Norman and Tegan discuss how smells, good and bad, could affect your nightly snooze. References: From antiquity to modern hygiene: the archaeological and medicinal legacy of lavender as a promising antimicrobial agent Lavender and sleep: A systematic review of the evidence How Smell Affects Your Sleep – Sleep Foundation Reciprocal relationships between sleep and smell Subjectively intense odor does not affect dream emotions during rapid eye movement sleep Nocturnal exposure to a preferred ambient scent does not affect dream emotionality or post-sleep core affect valence in young adults Olfactory Aversive Conditioning during Sleep Reduces Cigarette-Smoking Behavior If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is farting a sign your gut microbiome is happy? Is melatonin the answer to a good night's sleep? Is a vibration plate worth the cost?

Do you feel better after a good cry, or do you feel worse than ever? There can be a lot to cry about, good or bad: a break-up, a milestone, a tragedy, a sappy movie. Norman and Tegan discuss why we evolved to cry, and the purpose it serves as we get older. References: The Riddle of Human Emotional Crying: A Challenge for Emotion Researchers The neurobiology of human crying Emotional expression in human and non-human great apes Ultra-processed food intake, cognitive function, and dementia risk: A cross-sectional study of middle-aged and older Australian adults If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Butter vs margarine: what's better for you? How much protein do you REALLY need? Why is yawning contagious?

You might be hearing a lot about ultra-processed foods, or UPFs, and how we should all be avoiding them. But you might be struggling with figuring out what exactly IS an ultra-processed food. Sweetened drinks, sure. What about bread? Yoghurt? Norman and Tegan unpack why it isn’t a simple question, and where the evidence stands on the health consequences. *A previous version of this episode may have implied that the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) board is comprised of current food industry representatives that are directly involved in setting food policy. This was edited on 12/08/2026.  References: Ultra-Processed Foods and Human Health - The Lancet series Diet quality and processed foods – Food Standards Australia and New Zealand Most of the Foods We Eat Are Ultra-Processed. Are They All Unhealthy? - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake The collapse of the food matrix: how ultra-processed foods impact satiety and metabolism by altering physical structure beyond nutrient composition  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is gluten really the enemy? Why is everyone suddenly talking about seed oils? Why Norman won't shut up about the Mediterranean diet

The modification and removal of body hair has been going on for centuries, but our reasons for it have evolved. Some believe it’s more hygienic to remove, others argue it’s against our nature to be so hairless. Norman and Tegan trim the evidence on body hair: leg, armpit, pubic and even inside your nose. References: Trends in body hair removal as depicted through art Getting plucked: the history of hair removal - ABC Effects of pubic hair grooming on women’s sexual health: a systematic review and meta-analysis Bare necessity? Public health implications of removing pubic hair Effect of Physical and Chemical Hair Removal Methods on Skin Barrier Function in vitro: Consequences for a Hydrophilic Model Permeant Using the Hair Removal Laser in the Axillary Region and its Effect on Normal Microbial Flora Shaving of axillary hair has only a transient effect on perceived body odor pleasantness Cadaver research leads to prestigious science award - the Science Show Does nasal hair (vibrissae) density affect the risk of developing asthma in patients with seasonal rhinitis? 6 ways to remove unwanted hair - American Association of Dermatology If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Do the benefits of creatine go beyond the gym? Does magnesium work against muscle cramps? Which hair loss treatments actually work?

Ashwagandha supplements are rising in popularity, but the herb has been used for hundreds of years in Ayurvedic medicine. The supposed benefits are broad – from stress to sleep, athletic performance and boosting testosterone. Norman and Tegan explore where the evidence stands, and uncertainties about potential risks. References: An Overview on Ashwagandha: A Rasayana (Rejuvenator) of Ayurveda Chemical composition, cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory enzyme inhibitory properties of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal root extracts Chemical Composition, Biological Activity, and Health-Promoting Effects of Withania somnifera for Pharma-Food Industry Applications Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury Ashwagandha: Is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep? Exploring the efficacy and safety of a novel standardized ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in adults experiencing high stress and fatigue in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Examining the Hormonal and Vitality Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Aging, Overweight Males If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Vitamin C: can it cure colds and cancer? No-poo: why do we shampoo our hair? Do healthy people need lymphatic treatments?

When you're going through a stressful time it can have knock-on effects on your routine. Sleep, diet, exercise routines can be thrown out of whack. And when that stress goes for weeks or months, it can have a serious impact. Norman and Tegan unpack the various forms of chronic stress, like burnout, and how they can disrupt your health. References: Chronic Stress - ScienceDirect Physiology, Stress Reaction The impact of stress on body function: A review Stressor-Specific Microbiota Intervention Stress and the gastrointestinal tract B cells and the stressed brain: emerging evidence of neuroimmune interactions in the context of psychosocial stress and major depression Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis 11 healthy ways to handle life’s stressors - American Psychological Association Stress-related conditions such as adjustment disorder and clinical burnout can be effectively treated with a 12-week cognitive behavioural programme, both when delivered as a face-to-face treatment and when delivered via the internet  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Why is the internet telling me to lower my cortisol? Are office jobs ruining our bodies?

Sea sickness, car sickness, space sickness – when it comes down to it, it’s all the same. But not everybody suffers the same. Some people are even lucky enough to grow out of motion sickness. Norman and Tegan talk about what’s going on when the world goes topsy-turvy, and what you can do about it. References: Motion Sickness Validating sensory conflict theory and mitigating motion sickness in humans with galvanic vestibular stimulation - Nature Are evolutionary hypotheses for motion sickness "just-so" stories? Three studies of motion sickness susceptibility – Federal Aviation Authority Genetic variants associated with motion sickness point to roles for inner ear development, neurological processes and glucose homeostasis Motion sickness diagnostic criteria: Consensus Document of the Classification Committee of the Bárány Society  Survey of motion sickness susceptibility in children and adolescents aged 3 months to 18 years Hopkins History Moments: Neil A. Grauer explains how Hopkins expertise helped prevent seasickness Remedies for motion sickness: What works? - Harvard Health  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Why is yawning contagious? Do glasses make your eyesight worse? Is emu oil the new snake oil?

Lately there have been lots of scary headlines about cancer rates rising in younger adults. What can you do to drive down your cancer risk? Norman and Tegan offer some practical tips, and discuss what's in your control versus what isn't. References: Overview of cancer in Australia, 2025 - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Effects of diets on risks of cancer and the mediating role of metabolites Be physically active – Cancer Council Exercise packs a punch in fending off cancer – the Health Report “You do not get cancer by chance”: Communicating the role of environmental causes in cancer diseases and the risk of a “guilt rhetoric”   If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! How worried should you be about microplastics? Is your (artificial) sweet tooth killing you? What's so bad about fine particulate air pollution?

Our calcium needs can increase as we age, especially for women going through menopause. Most Australians aren’t getting enough calcium from their diet, so are supplements a good option Norman and Tegan discuss the conflicting evidence on calcium – in particular, could it be good for your bones, but bad for your heart? References: Calcium supplements have 'very little place' in modern medicine - the Health Report Nutrient Reference Values - Calcium Effect of age on calcium absorption in postmenopausal women Biochemical Variables in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women: Reconciling the Calcium and Estrogen Hypotheses Calcium Content of Common Foods - Healthy Bones Australia Choosing a calcium supplement: What you should know about taking calcium to boost your nutrients Calcium Supplements and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials Association Between Calcium Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Association Between Calcium Supplementation and Recurrence of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Population‐Based Cohort Study Calcium Intake From Diet and Supplements and the Risk of Coronary Artery Calcification and its Progression Among Older Adults: 10‐Year Follow‐up of the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Oral Calcium Supplements Associate With Serial Coronary Calcification: Insights From Intravascular Ultrasound If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Multivitamins: Are they a scam? Don’t Die: Is Bryan Johnson going to live forever? Can peptides keep you young and buff?

There's a scene in the Devil Wears Prada 2 where a character is so stressed she starts "tapping" to calm herself down. What is this self-soothing technique, and should you try it out? Norman and Tegan talk through what Emotional Freedom Techniques, or tapping is and whether there's any evidence it lowers anxiety. References: How ‘tapping’ is dividing opinion in therapy circles Clinical EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) Improves Multiple Physiological Markers of Health Neural changes after Emotional Freedom Techniques treatment for chronic pain sufferers Emotional freedom techniques for treating post traumatic stress disorder: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis  Commentary: Emotional freedom techniques for treating post traumatic stress disorder: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis A Randomized Controlled Comparison of Emotional Freedom Technique and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Reduce Adolescent Anxiety: A Pilot Study Food for Thought: A Randomised Controlled Trial of Emotional Freedom Techniques and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in the Treatment of Food Cravings The impact of emotional freedom techniques on anxiety, depression, and anticipatory grief in people with cancer: A meta-analysis and systematic review  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Can you train yourself to sleep less? Why everything hurts when you turn 30 MSG's messy myths and racist tropes

Everyone wants a healthy gut, and your microbiome plays a big role in keeping you well. So how do you know your microbiome is in top shape? Are there stinky signs that things are going right, or wrong? Norman and Tegan breeze through the research in this live recording at the World Science Festival Brisbane. References: The Invisible College of Experimental Flatology Explainer: The chemistry of farts A widespread hydrogenase supports fermentative growth of gut bacteria in healthy people Intestinal gas production by the gut microbiota: A review Association of the Gut Microbiota With Cognitive Function in Midlife  Gut microbiome predicts cognitive function and depressive symptoms in late life  The Relationship between Gut Microbiome and Cognition in Older Australians  Chart Your Fart - CSIRO If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Why is yawning contagious? Why are some people right (or left) handed?

Cold season is upon us, so it’s no wonder you’re side-eyeing that person coughing on the bus. But does a cough mean someone is still infectious? How do you know you’re in the clear to go back to work? Norman and Tegan talk through the science, and also how attitudes have changed since the COVID-19 pandemic. References: How Long Does a Cough Last? Comparing Patients’ Expectations With Data From a Systematic Review of the Literature Acute cough in outpatients: what causes it, how long does it last, and how severe is it for different viruses and bacteria?  Estimating influenza latency and infectious period durations using viral excretion data Duration of viral infectiousness and correlation with symptoms and diagnostic testing in non-hospitalized adults during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: A longitudinal cohort study How the pandemic shaped presenteeism trends between healthcare and non-healthcare workers using the Korean working conditions surveys (2010–2023)  Sickness Presenteeism in the Aftermath of COVID-19: Is Presenteeism Remote-Work Behavior the New (Ab)normal?  Over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings Comprehensive evidence-based review on European antitussives If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is it OK to exercise when you're sick? Are office jobs ruining our bodies? Should you add snail slime to your skincare routine?

Have you heard the phrases, "aches and pain, coming rains" or about "ill health due to evil winds"?  Many people believe they can feel a change in weather coming on because pain flares in their joints.  Norman and Tegan unpack what could be going on, and whether it's backed by scientific evidence.  References: Associations between weather conditions and osteoarthritis pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis  Come rain or shine: Is weather a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review with meta-analysis of case-crossover studies Cloudy with a chance of pain: How the weather affects the pain of citizen scientists using a smartphone app  Temperature extremes causing gout flare hospitalisation Can aching joints really predict the weather? Exploring the science behind the stormy debate  What triggers weather-related joint pain? - Harvard Health If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! You'll catch your death! Does cold weather cause colds? Can consuming dairy really give you acne? How risky is sharing a toothbrush?

It’s good to be on top of your health – but how far would you go to ensure you’re staying healthy? Ads have popped up for full-body MRIs, promising to catch things from cancer to aneurysms. Norman and Tegan scan through the potential benefits and risks of looking inside seemingly healthy bodies.  References: Principles of screening - Cancer Council Incidental Findings and Low-Value Care Prevalence of abnormalities in knees detected by MRI in adults without knee osteoarthritis: population based observational study (Framingham Osteoarthritis Study) Whole‐body MRI for preventive health screening: A systematic review of the literature The effects of incidental findings from whole-body MRI on the frequency of biopsies and detected malignancies or benign conditions in a general population cohort study Clinical value of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in health screening of general adult population Long-Term Psychosocial Consequences of Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Reporting of Incidental Findings in a Population-Based Cohort Study  Impact of whole-body MRI in a general population study Elective MRI Screening of the General Public—Buyer Beware If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! At-home DNA tests — what can they tell you? Do glasses make your eyesight worse? Can functional mushrooms really help treat cancer?

You might've heard the qualifier that exercise is good for you – but you need to be progressing that exercise over time. Running further, lifting heavier, exercising for longer. How important is it to up the stakes? Norman and Tegan flex their muscles on progressive training and its benefits. References: Thomas L. DeLorme and the Science of Progressive Resistance Exercise Associations of Muscle Mass and Strength with All-Cause Mortality among US Older Adults Skeletal Muscle Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in Healthy Men  Progressive overload without progressing load? The effects of load or repetition progression on muscular adaptations  Strength and Hypertrophy Adaptations Between Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis  Physical activity types, variety, and mortality: results from two prospective cohort studies  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Working out? Why 'No Pain No Gain' is bull Is a vibration plate worth the cost? You'll catch your death! Does cold weather cause colds?

A cruise ship at the centre of a virus outbreak — sound familiar? Passengers and crew are beginning to disembark the MV Hondius after several cases of hantavirus sent them into quarantine.  The virus is usually caught through contact with infected rodent urine, droppings or saliva. Transmission between humans is rare.  Norman and Tegan answer common questions about the hantavirus, and how it compares to the handling of COVID-19.

It’s easy to catch a yawn – you might even yawn while you’re reading this. It’s not just humans that yawn, but all kinds of verterbrates, even fish! But contagious yawning is rarer. Norman and Tegan unpack why we yawn in this live recording at the World Science Festival Brisbane. References: Yawning: no effect of 3-5% CO2, 100% O2, and exercise  Brain size and neuron numbers drive differences in yawn duration across mammals and birds  Excessive yawning and thermoregulation: two case histories of chronic, debilitating bouts of yawning Different yawns, different functions? Testing social hypotheses on spontaneous yawning in Theropithecus gelada Why yawns are contagious—in all kinds of animals: Evolutionary biologist Andrew Gallup explains why we yawn after others  Mirror neuron activity during contagious yawning—an fMRI study  The mirror-neuron system  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Why are some people right (or left) handed? Can consuming dairy really give you acne? Is daylight saving time bad for us?

You might know them as "vestigial" organs, but we no longer overlook organs that aren’t vital for life. While they can be removed, your tonsils, appendix and gallbladder play important roles in the body. Norman and Tegan define what "vestigial" actually means, and how our bodies adapt to losing an organ. References: How Do We Know What Human Organs Do? - JSTOR Daily  Tonsils, adenoids and throat infections — do doctors still recommend surgery? - ABC News Association of Long-Term Risk of Respiratory, Allergic, and Infectious Diseases With Removal of Adenoids and Tonsils in Childhood  Influence of Tonsillectomy on Various Disease Outcomes: An Outcome-wide Association Analysis and Mendelian Randomization Analysis Cytokine production in patients with recurrent acute tonsillitis: analysis of tonsil samples and blood - PMC  Association of Long-Term Risk of Respiratory, Allergic, and Infectious Diseases With Removal of Adenoids and Tonsils in Childhood - PMC  Microbial Composition of Human Appendices from Patients following Appendectomy  Long-term impacts of appendectomy associated with increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease, infection, and colorectal cancer Cholecystectomy (Gallbladder Removal) If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Why do we have wisdom teeth?  Can peptides keep you young and buff? Is it OK to exercise when you're sick?

Not a fruit lover, but eat plenty of veggies? Ever wondered if skipping that banana might actually matter? We all know a mix of fruit and vegetables is key to a long, healthy life. Norman and Tegan dig into whether eating little or no fruit could actually be bad for you. References: What exactly is a tomato? The difference between fruit and veg - ABC News Key statistics and data about child and adult consumption of fruit and vegetables - Australian Bureau of Statistics Fresh fruit consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: findings from the China Kadoorie Biobank   Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies  Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mortality: Results from Two Prospective Cohort Studies of US Men and Women and a Meta-Analysis of 26 Cohort Studies  The global burden of disease attributable to suboptimal fruit and vegetable intake, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study  Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause mortality: evidence from a large Australian cohort study  A basket of new fruit varieties is coming your way – The Economist  Releasing a sugar brake generates sweeter tomato without yield penalty If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! What's the best time of day to exercise? Is whitening your teeth bad for you? What are the health benefits of coffee?

If you’re into skincare, you’ve probably been advertised light therapy face masks. These high-tech hockey masks promise to plump up or heal your skin through light – often red, but sometimes yellow, green, blue or even purple. Norman and Tegan go through the rainbow to assess where there's evidence, and where there's not. References: Sweaty sauna bathing for better health - What's That Rash? Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy: A Review of Recent Progress and Their Target Molecules for Cancer Therapy Effect of NASA Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation on Wound Healing Visible Red Light Emitting Diode Photobiomodulation for Skin Fibrosis: Key Molecular Pathways Utilization of light-emitting diodes for skin therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis Photodynamic Therapy Using HMME for Port-Wine Stains: Clinical Effectiveness and Sonographic Appearance Effect of Blue Light on Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review The efficacy of violet light in the treatment of acne Featured review: What are the benefits and risks of light therapy for treating atopic eczema? Light therapy for preventing seasonal affective disorder This episode first aired on December 18, 2024.

What determines whether you’re right or left handed? Is there really such a thing as being ambidextrous? It’s a surprisingly complicated story, and culture comes into play – some people are forced to go against their dominant hand. Norman and Tegan parse through the history of handedness in this live recording at the World Science Festival Brisbane. References: A large-scale population study of early life factors influencing left-handedness  The handedness of Kerrs and Carrs The association between switching hand preference and the declining prevalence of left-handedness with age Stuttering and “Retraining” Left-Handed Children in Mid-Century U.S.  Can training to become ambidextrous improve brain function?   Brain Size Associated with Foot Preferences in Australian Parrots  The Influence of Handedness on the Clinical Presentation and Neuropsychology of Alzheimer Disease If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Can sudoku really keep your brain younger for longer? Should you train cardio and strength on the same day? The four steps you need to form a habit

Headaches are common, but the causes are wide and varied, and some are more serious than others.  Why do we get headaches? What's the difference between a headache and a migraine? Norman and Tegan talk through some basics about headaches, and why a round of squats might help... References: The Science Behind Headaches: What's Really Happening In Your Skull  The vascular theory of migraine—a great story wrecked by the facts Twelve-month efficacy of CGRP monoclonal antibodies and predictive value of short-term response: results of an Australian multicentre study  Trial of Galcanezumab in Prevention of Episodic Cluster Headache Erenumab for Chronic Cluster Headache: A Randomized Clinical Trial Effect of Exercise on Chronic Tension-Type Headache and Chronic Migraine: A Systematic Review The effect of different exercise types on migraine frequency in individuals with migraine: A pilot study If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Am I addicted to caffeine? Is emu oil the new snake oil? There's a lot of fog around brain fog

We've all probably wished for a way to achieve our fitness goals without the strain and sweat that can come with exercise. So what if you could lose weight, gain muscle and improve circulation just by standing on a vibrating platform? Norman and Tegan buzz through the evidence for and against vibration plates and so called "passive exercise". References: Dr Gustav Zander’s Victorian-Era Exercise Machines Made the Bowflex Look Like Child’s Play The effects of whole body vibration therapy on reducing fat mass in the adult general population: A systematic review and meta-analyses  Whole-body vibration administered during a 3-week in-hospital multidisciplinary body weight reduction program increases resting energy expenditure in obese adolescents, a randomized clinical trial  Immediate effects of localized vibration on flexibility: A randomized crossover trial  Effects of whole body vibration with exercise therapy versus exercise therapy alone on flexibility, vertical jump height, agility and pain in athletes with patellofemoral pain: a randomized clinical trial  Whole Body Vibration as an Adjunct to Static Stretching Whole-Body Vibration Stimulates Microvascular Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle  Whole body vibration training improves leg blood flow and adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus  Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Lower Limb Blood Flow in Children with Myelomeningocele—A Randomized Trial  Effect of localised vibration on muscle strength in healthy adults: a systematic review  Whole-body vibration training improves muscle mass and strength in older adults through intra- and extra-muscular pathways  The effect of whole body vibration training on quadriceps voluntary activation level of people with age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia): a randomized pilot study  Hormonal responses to a single session of wholebody vibration exercise in older individuals Hormonal and Metabolic Responses to Whole Body Vibration in Healthy Adults  Low-frequency vibrotherapy considerably improves the effectiveness of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) in patients with lipedema: A two-armed, randomized, controlled pragmatic trial  Efficacy of whole body vibration exercise in older people: a systematic review  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Can you zap yourself buff with electrical muscle stimulation? Do the benefits of creatine go beyond the gym? Do healthy people need lymphatic treatments?

Snail slime, or snail mucin, has become a popular product in skin care. Some claim it has anti-ageing properties, but if the early research shakes out, snail mucus could have even more significant uses. Norman and Tegan discuss why snail gunk has become a hero of cosmetics, and what else it might be capable of. References: Why Snail Mucin? Or, How This Ancient Practice Became a Skin Care Sensation Chemical composition, mineral profile, anti-bacterial, and wound healing properties of snail slime of Helix aspersa Müller  Extraction, structure, pharmacological activities and applications of polysaccharides and proteins isolated from snail mucus Antimicrobial Activities of Different Fractions from Mucus of the Garden Snail Cornu aspersum Antimicrobial efficacy of Egyptian Eremina desertorum and Helix aspersa snail mucus with a novel approach to their anti-inflammatory and wound healing potencies Reviewing The Potential of Snail Extract to Accelerate and Improve Burn Wound Healing: A Literature Review  HelixComplex snail mucus exhibits pro-survival, proliferative and pro-migration effects on mammalian fibroblasts The efficacy of Helix aspersa Müller extract in the healing of partial thickness burns: A novel treatment for open burn management protocols Helix aspersa maxima mucus exhibits antimelanogenic and antitumoral effects against melanoma cells 849 Snail mucus increases the anti-cancer activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in melanoma  Snail Mucus Enhances Chemosensitivity of Triple-negative Breast Cancer Via Activation of the Fas Pathway Snails and Skin: A Systematic Review on the Effects of Snail-based Products on Skin Health From Nature to Nurture: The Science and Applications of Snail Slime in Health and Beauty Artificial Snail Mucus Could Advance Cancer Treatments – Johns Hopkins University If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Does anti-ageing skincare actually work? Should you be avoiding perfumes and fragrances? What we do (and don't) know about tinnitus

Walking down the street, most people you pass will be wearing headphones or ear buds. Chances are you are too! But is this trend of noise-cancelling harming your ears or the way your brain processes sound? Norman and Tegan sound out the evidence on headphone use and hearing damage, and what you can do to protect your ears. References: Know Your Noise - National Acoustic Laboratories Pumping loud music is putting more than 1 billion young people at risk of hearing loss - University of Melbourne  A Partial History of Headphones - Smithsonian  Prevalence and global estimates of unsafe listening practices in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis  Hearing thresholds, tinnitus, and headphone listening habits in nine-year-old children  Do Noise-Cancelling Headphones Help or Hurt Hearing? - University of Colorado Tips for safe listening using headphones and earbuds – Hearing Australia   If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is there such thing as TOO much sun protection? Is there a cure for jet lag? Don’t Die: Is Bryan Johnson going to live forever?

Many people believe that taking vitamin C supplements helps their immune system fight off colds. But there are even bigger claims attached to this supplement – that it not only boosts immunity, but fights cancer. Norman and Tegan introduce us to the Nobel laureate who pushed these theories decades ago, and whether there’s any truth to them. References: The Discovery of Vitamin C  Treatment for scurvy not discovered by Lind Linus Pauling’s Vitamin C Crusade Ascorbic Acid in Cancer Treatment: Let the Phoenix Fly A randomized trial of pharmacological ascorbate, gemcitabine, and nab-paclitaxel for metastatic pancreatic cancer The Role of Vitamin C in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: A Literature Review  High-dose vitamin C: A promising anti-tumor agent, insight from mechanisms, clinical research, and challenges  Vitamin C reduces the severity of common colds: a meta-analysis  Two Faces of Vitamin C—Antioxidative and Pro-Oxidative Agent  Vitamin C - Australian Institute of Sport Vitamin C – EatforHealth.gov.au  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Multivitamins: Are they a scam? Can consuming dairy really give you acne? Is sitting the new smoking?

Unless you're in certain corners of the internet, you won't be aware of the peptide craze promising to grow your muscles and slow ageing. That's because your average GP won't be printing a prescription for these injectable drugs, like BPC-157 or melanotan. Norman and Tegan discuss why there's so much fan fare over unproven peptides with some potentially nasty side effects. References: Effects of Topical Copper Tripeptide Complex on CO2 Laser–Resurfaced Skin  Don’t risk using tanning products containing melanotan - TGA Melanotan‐associated melanoma Melanotan II: a possible cause of renal infarction: review of the literature and case report Melanotan II: a possible cause of renal infarction: review of the literature and case report Melanotan-induced priapism: a hard-earned tan – BMJ case study BPC-157: Experimental peptide prohibited - US Anti-Doping Authority Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain General practitioner disqualified for inappropriately prescribing peptides If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Can collagen supplements keep your skin supple? Should you be flexible enough to touch your toes? Can you zap yourself buff with electrical muscle stimulation?

Your dentist might be nagging you to floss to avoid cavities, but does flossing have more to given than pearly whites? Interdental cleaning has been recommended for a while, but for many people it’s a habit hard to maintain. Norman and Tegan pick through the history of flossing, and whether it can improve your heart and brain health too. Terms and conditions of our World Science Festival Brisbane ticket giveaway!  References: Ask the Expert: Do I Really Need to Floss? - NIH  Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal diseases and dental caries Flossing Is Associated with Improved Oral Health in Older Adults  Does flossing before or after brushing influence the reduction in the plaque index? A systematic review and meta-analysis Why would cardiovascular disease and poor oral health be connected? - Harvard Health  Oral health and later coronary heart disease: Cohort study of one million people Stronger connections made between oral health and Alzheimer's disease  Large study links gum disease with dementia  What Dentists Have to Say About Red-Light Therapy for Optimal Oral Health  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! How risky is sharing a toothbrush? Should you be avoiding perfumes and fragrances? Do healthy people need lymphatic treatments?

With endless entertainment at your fingertips on your phone, how often do you really sit and do absolutely nothing? It turns out that even when you’re staring into the middle distance, your brain is firing away with activity. Norman and Tegan explore why giving your brain a break might be important for learning and creativity. References: The Journey of the Default Mode Network: Development, Function, and Impact on Mental Health  Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: A systematic review   Just think: The challenges of the disengaged mind - Science  The Importance of the Default Mode Network in Creativity—A Structural MRI Study   The Importance of the Default Mode Network in Creativity—A Structural MRI Study   People are increasingly bored in our digital age If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! What is the perfect nap duration? Can tattoos increase your risk of cancer? Why are people taping their mouths?

How many times a week are you eating fish? What about oily fish, like salmon and tuna? Our dietary guidelines recommend the regular consumption of fish to potentially reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, dementia and even macular degeneration. Norman and Tegan dig into the oily history of fish, and whether supplements can have the same effect. References: The Man with a Fish on His Back: In the late 19th century cod-liver oil was proclaimed the cure for many ailments "Fishing" for the origins of the "Eskimos and heart disease" story: facts or wishful thinking? Omega-3 Fatty Acids - National Institutes of Health The relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: evidence from cohort and Mendelian randomization analyses Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease Regular use of fish oil supplements and course of cardiovascular diseases: prospective cohort study Associations Between Plasma Omega-3 and Fish Oil Use With Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in the UK Biobank Associations of fish oil supplementation with incident dementia: Evidence from the UK Biobank cohort study Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Osteoarthritis: A Narrative Review  Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults Fish-Oil Supplementation and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Why is everyone suddenly talking about seed oils? Does magnesium work against muscle cramps? Why is the internet telling me to lower my cortisol?

It’s so common to tell kids to wait an hour after eating to swim that many of us never question it. But what are the actual consequences of jumping straight back in the pool after you’ve had your lunch? Norman and Tegan tackle whether this advice is grounded in evidence, and discuss what you should actually avoid. References: Scouting for boys - 1908 The International Lifesaving Federation medical position statement 2014  Effect of food consumption on 200-yard freestyle swim performance The National Drowning Report 2025  Monday’s medical myth: wait 30 minutes after eating before you swim – the Conversation  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Does magnesium work against muscle cramps?  Why do you feel so tired after a big meal? Is being an Olympian bad for your health?

Last year Norman made the shocking statement that people shouldn’t retire because it’ll be bad for their brains. After an influx of requests, we’ve looked at the evidence not only when it comes to brain health, but heart health, metabolic health and mental wellbeing. Norman and Tegan unpack the complex story of what happens to your brain and body when you retire – depending on the job you had. References: How Retirement Was Invented: The earliest schemes for financial support in old age were pegged to life expectancy  Towards higher retirement incomes for Australians: a history of the Australian retirement income system since Federation  Impact of retirement transition on health, well-being and health behaviours: critical insights from an overview of reviews  Effect of retirement on cognitive function: the Whitehall II cohort study  Retirement or no Retirement? The Decision’s Effects on Cognitive Functioning, Well-Being, and Quality of Life Risk of Cognitive Declines With Retirement: Who Declines and Why? The Impact of Retirement on Cardiovascular Disease and Its Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Retirement and mental health: Analysis of the Australian national survey of mental health and well-being The Effects of Retirement on Sense of Purpose in Life: Crisis or Opportunity? The Role of Meaning in the Retirement Transition: Scoping Review Life after work: how we can support retirees – R U OK?  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is NAD+ a miracle anti-ageing supplement? At-home DNA tests — what can they tell you? How much protein do you REALLY need?

A few weeks into the new year you might be reassessing your resolutions and wondering where to put your energy.  Is it possible to choose between diet or exercise? Or are the two inherently intertwined? Norman and Tegan try to untangle the untangleable, pitting diet and exercise against one another in different arenas.  References: The history of nutritional sciences  Casimir Funk: The scientist who gave us the word 'vitamin'  How the Seven Countries Study contributed to the definition and development of the Mediterranean diet concept: A 50-year journey  Coronary Heart Disease and Physical Activity of Work Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: a meta-analysis  Efficacy of dietary intervention or in combination with exercise on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review  Diet or diet plus physical activity versus usual care in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the Early ACTID randomised controlled trial  Trading off dietary choices, physical exercise and cardiovascular disease risks  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Why Norman won't shut up about the Mediterranean diet Why the carnivore diet is so risky Is botox worth a shot?

It can be hard to keep up with food fads and diet trends (and spoiler: you don’t need to). But an intriguing assumption that has gained traction recently is that seed oils – think canola, sunflower, grapeseed – are terrible for you. Norman and Tegan unpack how that assumption has spread, and whether there’s any solid evidence to back it up. References: Biomarkers of Dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality Serum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of death: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study Omega-6 fats to prevent and treat heart and circulatory diseases Polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, mental health, and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies Perspective on the health effects of unsaturated fatty acids and commonly consumed plant oils high in unsaturated fat If you’re worried about inflammation, stop stressing about seed oils and focus on the basics

We haven’t always suppressed our sweat or our natural body odour, but in many cultures now it’s expected we’ll all try to smell our best. You might be seeing more ads for ‘natural’ deodorants that promise to keep you fresh without any harmful ingredients. Norman and Tegan talk through those ingredients, and whether they carry any risks. This episode first aired on March 19, 2025.  References: The specific biochemistry of human axilla odour formation viewed in an evolutionary context Use of Aluminium in Antiperspirants - Australian Department of Health Antiperspirants/Deodorants and Breast Cancer - National Cancer Institute Antiperspirants - National Kidney Foundation How Advertisers Convinced Americans They Smelled Bad - Smithsonian Magazine

Do you find yourself complaining that you've got a small bladder, as you run to the toilet for the third time in an hour? There are many reasons a person might pee more than others, including some scary medical conditions.  But as Norman and Tegan explain, in most cases your bladder is just deconditioned and you need to get your urinary tract into shape.  This episode first aired on April 15, 2025.  References: Bladder control: Lifestyle strategies ease problems A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a product containing pumpkin seed extract and soy germ extract to improve overactive bladder-related voiding dysfunction and quality of life Pumpkin Seed Oil Extracted From Cucurbita maxima Improves Urinary Disorder in Human Overactive Bladder Prosta Fink Forte capsules in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Multicentric surveillance study in 2245 patients

There have been many discussions this year about sunscreen, its effectiveness and its ingredients. While there are some unknowns, what we’re sure of is sunscreen’s ability to protect us from the sun’s ageing and cancer-causing rays. Norman and Tegan slip, slop, slap some questions about sunscreen: SPF scandal, endocrine disruptors and vitamin D concerns. References: How does sunscreen work? - Cancer Council  Sunscreen: a brief walk through history We tested the SPF claims of 20 sunscreens. 16 failed - CHOICE TGA statement on CHOICE SPF sunscreen findings  Safety Review of Seven Active Sunscreen Ingredients – July 2025  Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial Mineral vs chemical sunscreens  Can your sunscreen expire?  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is there such thing as TOO much sun protection? We all need a daily dose of sunlight — but how much?  Can you get away with skipping your daily shower?

Creatine is getting a lot of hype lately, at least according to our listeners. It’s being pushed for everything from menopause to dementia for its supposed energy-boosting, brain-boosting benefits. Norman and Tegan explore what is really going on with creatine outside of its muscle-building potential. References: Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? | Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition  Metabolic Basis of Creatine in Health and Disease: A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review - Nutrients  Creatine in Health and Disease  Creatine supplementation for older adults: Focus on sarcopenia, osteoporosis, frailty and Cachexia Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation Creatine monohydrate pilot in Alzheimer's: Feasibility, brain creatine, and cognition  The Effects of 8-Week Creatine Hydrochloride and Creatine Ethyl Ester Supplementation on Cognition, Clinical Outcomes, and Brain Creatine Levels in Perimenopausal and Menopausal Women (CONCRET-MENOPA): A Randomized Controlled Trial  It Is Not Just About Storing Energy: The Multifaceted Role of Creatine Metabolism on Cancer Biology and Immunology Creatine Supplementation for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Scientific Rationale for a Clinical Trial  International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is it safe to dose yourself with pre-workout? Do healthy people need lymphatic treatments? Is that glass of red wine over Christmas dinner good for you?

Whether or not we remember our dreams, we all have them. But the answer to why we dream is complicated. There's a lot going on in our brains during sleep, especially during the rapid eye movement (REM) phase when most dreams go down. Norman and Tegan talk through the purpose of dreams, how time warps as we snooze and whether there are any downsides to these nightly hallucinations. References: Dreams: Why They Happen & What They Mean – Sleep Foundation  Time for actions in lucid dreams: effects of task modality, length, and complexity  High Dream Recall Frequency is Associated with Increased Creativity and Default Mode Network Connectivity fMRI Evidence for Default Mode Network Deactivation Associated with Rapid Eye Movements in Sleep  The relationships between insomnia, nightmares, and dreams: A systematic review Nightmares affect the experience of sleep quality but not sleep architecture: an ambulatory polysomnographic study  Gender differences in dreaming: Are they stable over time? Isotretinoin use and reports of sustained dreaming | British Journal of Dermatology | Oxford Academic Dreaming under antidepressants: A systematic review on evidence in depressive patients and healthy volunteers Nightmare and Abnormal Dreams: Rare Side Effects of Metformin? If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! What's the deal with night terrors? How risky is sharing a toothbrush? Should you go organic if you're worried about pesticides?

When you’ve got a busy schedule, it’s important to just exercise when you can. But if you have the luxury of choice, is there an optimal one? You might’ve even heard that exercising at certain times of day can lead to harm. Norman and Tegan run through the evidence around heart attacks, workouts and what happens when you’re a morning or a night person. References: Association of the time of day of peak physical activity with cardiovascular mortality: Findings from the UK Biobank Study Setting your clock: associations between timing of objective physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk in the general population  Best Time of Day for Strength and Endurance Training to Improve Health and Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis  Gold, silver or bronze: circadian variation strongly affects performance in Olympic athletes Diurnal variation in tennis service The effects of exercise session timing on weight loss and components of energy balance: midwest exercise trial 2  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Chronotypes: early birds vs night owls Does magnesium work against muscle cramps? Norman tried an ice bath so you don't have to

Humans are slightly alkaline – your blood should be a pH between 7.35 to 7.45. Anything outside that range can be life-threatening. So why are you being told to follow an alkaline diet? Proponents of the diet claim it can tackle everything from osteoporosis to cancer. Norman and Tegan do a litmus test on the alkaline-acid balance and whether it’s a driver of chronic disease. References: Physiology, Acid Base Balance The effect of acid ash and alkaline ash foodstuffs on the acid-base equilibrium of man Urine pH is an indicator of dietary acid–base load, fruit and vegetables and meat intakes: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk population study Why is there so much on the internet about the alkaline diet and cancer? – MD Anderson  Low-grade metabolic acidosis as a driver of chronic disease: a 21st century public health crisis Diet-Induced Low-Grade Metabolic Acidosis and Clinical Outcomes: A Review If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Why Norman won't shut up about the Mediterranean diet Why is the internet telling me to lower my cortisol? MSG's messy myths and racist tropes

You’re settling into the couch after a long day, ready to relax with your favourite show … next thing you know, you’re asleep. What is it about the TV that puts people to sleep, and what can you do to avoid dozing off? Norman and Tegan explore comfort watching, binge-watching and blue light exposure. References: Exploring the Bob Ross effect: A psychophysiological investigation Binge Viewing, Sleep, and the Role of Pre-Sleep Arousal | Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine The inner clock—Blue light sets the human rhythm  Morning and Evening Blue-Enriched Light Exposure Alters Metabolic Function in Normal Weight Adults Mitigating the Effects of Blue Light - Sleep Foundation  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! What is the perfect nap duration? Why do you feel so tired after a big meal? Is your (artificial) sweet tooth killing you?

If you've seen a physiotherapist, you might’ve undergone needling with the promise it will reduce your pain. Did you receive dry needling or acupuncture? How can you tell the difference between the two? Norman and Tegan poke through the evidence to find out how effective these techniques can be. References: Similarities between Ashi acupoints and myofascial trigger points: Exploring the relationship between body surface treatment points  Dry Needling versus Acupuncture: The Ongoing Debate Acupuncture: Past, Present, and Future  Clinical Effectiveness of Dry Needling in Patients with Musculoskeletal Pain—An Umbrella Review  Methodological challenges in design and conduct of randomised controlled trials in acupuncture  Needling Point Location Used in Sham Acupuncture for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis Comparison of dry needling and trigger point manual therapy in patients with neck and upper back myofascial pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis Acupuncture for Chronic Pain: Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis Acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of sham-controlled randomized clinical trials Magic tricks are helping scientists understand the placebo effect and pain - ABC News If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Can you zap yourself buff with electrical muscle stimulation? Are office jobs ruining our bodies? Is gluten really the enemy?

You might’ve seen headlines about high levels of lead being found in common protein supplements. With these products becoming more popular, the news has some eager gym-goers concerned about what they’re consuming. Norman and Tegan discuss how these results compare to our historical exposure – from Ancient Rome to Australia in the 1960s. References: Protein Powders and Shakes Contain High Levels of Lead - Consumer Reports Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on human: A review  Lead in Food and Foodwares - FDA  Low Level Lead Exposure: History and Discovery  Lead Toxicity: an Australian Perspective  Some US protein powders contain high levels of lead. Can I tell if mine is safe? - the Conversation If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! How much protein do you REALLY need? Norman tried an ice bath so you don't have to Why do hangovers get worse as we age?

Once you go looking, you realise there are scents in everything – from skincare to cleaning supplies to candles. And of course, perfume. Are there any implications to our health from taking in natural and synthetic fragrances from all these products? Norman and Tegan sniff out the evidence when it comes to scent, and whether we should be worried. References: The first chemist in history may have been a female perfumer – here’s how the science of scents has changed since - the Conversation  A Smelling Trip into the Past: The Influence of Synthetic Materials on the History of Perfumery Health and societal effects from exposure to fragranced consumer products – University of Melbourne Effects by inhalation of abundant fragrances in indoor air – An overview  Cleaning at Home and at Work in Relation to Lung Function Decline and Airway Obstruction Cleaning at Home and at Work in Relation to Lung Function Decline and Airway Obstruction Synthetic Endocrine Disruptors in Fragranced Products  Do fragrant products like perfume, toilet paper and baby wipes cause cancer? - Cancer Council  Characterization of phthalates exposure and risk for cosmetics and perfume sales clerks  Chemical exposure and lung function in fragrance industry employees  Butter and Plant-Based Oils Intake and Mortality - JAMA If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Don't sweat it? Conventional vs natural deodorants Why is everyone suddenly talking about seed oils? Are mobile phones giving us cancer?

Whether you can or not, it feels like a sign of fitness to be able to reach down and touch your toes. But how important is flexibility when it comes to your physical fitness? Is it a necessary part of healthy ageing? Norman and Tegan stretch through the evidence on flexibility – when does it count, and how can you achieve it? References: Genetics of Muscle Stiffness, Muscle Elasticity and Explosive Strength Genetic associations of body composition, flexibility and injury risk with ACE, ACTN3 and COL5A1 polymorphisms in Korean ballerinas Whole-spine dynamic magnetic resonance study of contortionists: anatomy and pathology Practical recommendations on stretching exercise: A Delphi consensus statement of international research experts The ideal stretching routine – Harvard Health How stretching actually changes your muscles - Malachy McHugh for Ted-Ed If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Working out? Why 'No Pain No Gain' is bull What on earth is grounding?! Can you zap yourself buff with electrical muscle stimulation? You can listen to more episodes of the What’s That Rash? podcast with presenters Norman Swan and Tegan Taylor on the ABC Listen app (Australia) or wherever you get your podcasts. We answer your questions on everything from TikTok wellness trends to wonder drugs and diet myths.

The battle between butter and margarine has been happening since margarine was invented in the 19th century. So have we figured out which one is better for your health – butter with its high saturated fat content, or margarine which is an ultra-processed food? Norman and Tegan unpack the winding history of this debate from its inception to the present day. References: The Butter Wars: When Margarine Was Pink – National Geographic  The Butter-Margarine Controversy - 1946 What the margarine vs butter argument says about nutrition – University of Melbourne Dietary fats - Healthdirect  What’s better, butter or margarine? - Diabetes Australia  Serum cholesterol response to replacing butter with a new trans-free margarine in hypercholesterolemic subjects Individual Cholesterol Variation in Response to a Margarine- or Butter-Based Diet: A Study in Families Effects of margarines and butter consumption on lipid profiles, inflammation markers and lipid transfer to HDL particles in free-living subjects with the metabolic syndrome BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial From margarine to butter: predictors of changing bread spread in an 11-year population follow-up Association between dairy intake and multiple health outcomes: a scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition  Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses on Consumption of Different Food Groups and Risk of All-cause Mortality - ScienceDirect If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is emu oil the new snake oil? Is daylight saving time bad for us? Should you be avoiding nightshades? You can listen to more episodes of the What’s That Rash? podcast with presenters Norman Swan and Tegan Taylor on the ABC Listen app (Australia) or wherever you get your podcasts. We answer your questions on everything from TikTok wellness trends to wonder drugs and diet myths.

Do you ever wonder while you’re shampooing and conditioning – is this really necessary? The no-poo movement encourages people to ditch their products and turn to homemade concoctions, or nothing at all. Norman and Tegan rinse out the evidence for and against hair care, and how we got here in the first place. References: Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity Shampoo and Conditioners: What a Dermatologist Should Know? The "No-poo" Craze: What do Gwyneth Paltrow, Kim Kardashian, Adele and Howie Mandel have in common? They don’t "poo" - McGill University Essentials of Hair Care often Neglected: Hair Cleansing Unlocking the secrets of the hair microbiome: From scalp health to therapeutic advances Parabens in Cosmetics - US Food and Drug Administration If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Can you get away with skipping your daily shower? Which hair loss treatments actually work? Does magnesium work against muscle cramps? You can listen to more episodes of the What’s That Rash? podcast with presenters Norman Swan and Tegan Taylor on the ABC Listen app (Australia) or wherever you get your podcasts. We answer your questions on everything from TikTok wellness trends to wonder drugs and diet myths.

It’s marathon season, but whether you’re running 40 kilometres or four you might’ve wondered what it’s doing to your joints. It used to be thought things like osteoarthritis of the knee or the hip were caused by wear and tear, and running made things worse. Norman and Tegan jog through how the evidence has evolved, and answer the question: should you be hopping on the run club trend? References:  Running and your knees - ABC listen Effects of Running on the Development of Knee Osteoarthritis: An Updated Systematic Review at Short-Term Follow-up The Association of Recreational and Competitive Running With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis The risk of osteoarthritis with running and aging: a 5-year longitudinal study. - Abstract Can marathon running improve knee damage of middle-aged adults? A prospective cohort study How much running is too much? Identifying high-risk running sessions in a 5200-person cohort study Using metformin to treat knee osteoarthritis - ABC listen Changing the brain to reduce pain and walk the Camino - ABC listen Metabolic syndrome meets osteoarthritis | Nature Reviews Rheumatology Mechanical loading and orthobiologic therapies in the treatment of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA): a comprehensive review Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is sitting the new smoking? Sweaty sauna bathing for better health Is being an Olympian bad for your health? You can listen to more episodes of the What’s That Rash? podcast with presenters Norman Swan and Tegan Taylor on the ABC Listen app (Australia) or wherever you get your podcasts. We answer your questions on everything from TikTok wellness trends to wonder drugs and diet myths.

A post from Queensland Health has been ridiculed after for urging people not to kiss their pets or let them sleep in the same bed. So how do the risks of pet ownership stack up to the presumed benefits of having a furry (feathery or scaly) friend? Norman and Tegan take a look at the evidence – and some of its flaws – and reignite the age-old cat vs dog debate. References: If you have a pet as a kid, does this lower your risk of asthma and eczema? | WEHI Zoonotic diseases and pets | American Veterinary Medical Association  Behavioral changes induced by Toxoplasma infection of rodents are highly specific to aversion of cat odors | PNAS Pet Ownership and Quality of Life: A Systematic Review of the Literature Is Dog Ownership Associated with Mental Health? A Population Study of 68,362 Adults Living in England No beneficial associations between living with a pet and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in a large UK longitudinal sample - ScienceDirect Pet ownership, loneliness, and social isolation: a systematic review | Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology The Relationship Between Attachment to Pets and Mental Health and Wellbeing: A Systematic Review  Pet ownership and maintenance of cognitive function in community-residing older adults: evidence from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) | Scientific Reports Dog owners are more likely to meet physical activity guidelines than people without a dog: An investigation of the association between dog ownership and physical activity levels in a UK community | Scientific Reports  A modest protective association between pet ownership and cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS One Dog, cat, bird, fish, and other pet ownership and mortality: Evidence from the HILDA cohort Long-term stress levels are synchronized in dogs and their owners | Scientific Reports If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! How worried should you be about microplastics? Is daylight saving time bad for us? MSG's messy myths and racist tropes You can listen to more episodes of the What’s That Rash? podcast with presenters Norman Swan and Tegan Taylor on the ABC Listen app (Australia) or wherever you get your podcasts. We answer your questions on everything from TikTok wellness trends to wonder drugs and diet myths.

It’s hay fever season, and as you sniffle away next to an air purifier, you might be wondering why we haven’t cured such a common allergy. Allergic rhinitis, as it’s scientifically known, has plagued people for generations. It's thought up to 24 per cent of Australians suffer from it. Norman and Tegan run through what hay fever is, how we identified it and what can be done to treat it.  This episode first aired on October 23, 2024.  References: Allergic Rhinitis: A Review O Rose thou art sick… history of allergic rhinitis I’m considering allergen immunotherapy for my hay fever. What do I need to know? Ingestion of honey improves the symptoms of allergic rhinitis: evidence from a randomized placebo-controlled trial The Potential use of Honey as a Remedy for Allergic Diseases: A Mini Review Can you adapt to allergies or does the dog have to go? You can listen to more episodes of the What’s That Rash? podcast with presenters Norman Swan and Tegan Taylor on the ABC Listen app (Australia) or wherever you get your podcasts. We answer your questions on everything from TikTok wellness trends to wonder drugs and diet myths.

It’s a tale as old as air travel … you’re off on a whirlwind holiday but spend the first week suffering from fatigue. If you ask anyone about jet lag they’ll have their own tips, but what are some evidence-based ways to reset your body clock? Norman and Tegan talk through some of the ways you can adjust to a totally different timezone. References: Time-zone effects on the long-distance air traveler - 1969 Jet lag syndrome: circadian organization, pathophysiology, and management strategies An Abrupt Shift in the Day/Night Cycle Causes Desynchrony in the Mammalian Circadian Center The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease How To Travel the World Without Jet Lag Eastward Jet Lag is Associated with Impaired Performance and Game Outcome in the National Basketball Association Managing Travel Fatigue and Jet Lag in Athletes: A Review and Consensus Statement Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag | Cochrane Review If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Chronotypes: Early birds vs night owls Is daylight saving time bad for us? What is the perfect nap duration?

If you haven’t heard of the Don’t Die movement or Bryan Johnson’s Blueprint Protocol, then buckle in. Johnson is a millionaire who is pouring his money into a massive effort to stay as young as possible, for as long as possible. Norman and Tegan unpack the basics of his routine, and some of his whackier attempts to turn back the biological clock. References: DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging How old are you really? Are the latest ‘biological age’ tests all they’re cracked up to be? Plasma-Based Strategies for Therapeutic Modulation of Brain Aging Infusion of young donor plasma components in older patients modifies the immune and inflammatory response to surgical tissue injury: a randomized clinical trial | Journal of Translational Medicine Old plasma dilution reduces human biological age: a clinical study Metformin as Anti-Aging Therapy: Is It for Everyone? Targeting ageing with rapamycin and its derivatives in humans: a systematic review - The Lancet Healthy Longevity A Phase 1/2a Follistatin Gene Therapy Trial for Becker Muscular Dystrophy Follistatin Gene Therapy Improves Ambulation in Becker Muscular Dystrophy If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Is it safe to dose yourself with pre-workout? Can collagen supplements keep your skin supple? Can you train yourself to sleep less?

You go to make a sandwich and notice mould on the corner of a single slice of bread — we've all been there.  So what do you do? Chop off the affected corner? Ditch the single slice and choose bread from further down in the bag? Or chuck the entire bag? Norman and Tegan take on this controversial topic at the World Science Festival in Brisbane.  References: Mycotoxin contamination in moldy slices of bread is mostly limited to the immediate vicinity of the visible infestation Aflatoxins - National Cancer Institute Ergot poisoning: Symptoms, treatment, and history The expert verdict on whether it's ever OK to cut off the mould on food and eat the rest - ABC News Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour Yucky! How Do Toddlers Learn About Disgust? If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Why the carnivore diet is so risky Cracking your knuckles: good, bad or just annoying?

It might be the last thing on your mind when you’re congested and miserable, but we swear it’s a genuine question we get asked. When you’ve got exercise baked into your routine, do you have to take a break when you’re unwell? Norman and Tegan unpack the nuance of exercising when you’re sick – when you can, and when you can’t. References: The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system Moderate exercise induces trained immunity in macrophages | American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology Higher risk of upper respiratory tract infection post marathon running: when physical exercise becomes a threat to the immune system Sport and exercise during viral acute respiratory illness—Time to revisit Exercise effect on symptom severity, morbidity and mortality in viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis Effects of 60-day bed rest with and without exercise on cellular and humoral immunological parameters | Cellular & Molecular Immunology The effect of exercise training on the severity and duration of a viral upper respiratory illness Orthostatic reactions and blood volumes after moderate physical activation during acute febrile infections Exercising while sick won’t help you get over a cold faster – but it may prevent your next one If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Can you train yourself to pee less? Why is everyone suddenly talking about seed oils? Is sitting the new smoking?

It has become pretty common to send off a saliva sample or a cheek swab to find out more about yourself. At-home DNA testing kits offer insights into ancestry, but also claim to be able to tell you your risk of certain diseases, or even give you unique diet advice. Norman and Tegan explore the limits of these kits, and some things you should consider before potentially buying one. References: Understanding Human Genetic Variation What Can At-Home Genetic Tests Tell Me About My Health? - PMC The sense and nonsense of direct-to-consumer genetic testing for cardiovascular disease First, do no harm: direct-to-consumer genetic testing Do at-home genetic tests work? - MD Anderson Genetic testing | Cancer Council  Direct‐to‐consumer genetic tests providing health risk information: A systematic review of consequences for consumers and health services Australians’ perspectives on support around use of personal genomic testing: Findings from the Genioz study Understanding Direct-to-Consumer genetic DNA testing | NHMRC What people really change after genetic testing (GT) performed in private labs: results from an Italian study Direct‐to‐consumer genetic tests providing health risk information: A systematic review of consequences for consumers and health services If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Should you base your diet on your blood type? Why is the internet telling me to lower my cortisol? What on earth is grounding?!

Australians have a long and complicated history with the emu – and the tale continues in the murky wellness space. There are a handful of emu farms still operating locally to harvest meat, oil, eggs and feathers from the flightless birds. Norman and Tegan discuss the growing demand for emu oil, and what it’s claimed to do. References: The Emu: More-Than-Human and More-Than-Animal Geographies Chemical Characterization and In Vivo Toxicological Safety Evaluation of Emu Oil - PMC  Review on emu products for use as complementary and alternative medicine - ScienceDirect  Anti-inflammatory activity of emu oils in rats | Inflammopharmacology Emu Oil Combined with Lyprinol™ Reduces Small Intestinal Damage in a Rat Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis Emu oil expedites small intestinal repair following 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in rats Vitamins and fatty acids against chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis Emu Oil and zinc monoglycerolate independently reduce disease severity in a rat model of ulcerative colitis Orally administered emu oil attenuates disease in a mouse model of Crohn's-like colitis Emu Oil reduces disease severity in a mouse model of chronic ulcerative colitis Emu oil enhances cutaneous wound healing by modulating inflammation through promoting macrophage M2 polarization via MAPK signaling pathway Effects of Topical Emu Oil on Burn Wounds in the Skin of Balb/c Mice Preparation and evaluation of minoxidil foamable emu oil emulsion Comparative effects of emu and olive oil on aortic early atherosclerosis and associated risk factors in hypercholesterolemic hamsters Emu oil decreases atherogenic plaque formation in cafeteria diet-induced obese rats  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Should we all be vegetarian? Infrared, ultraviolet and LED therapy – can lights cure us? Can collagen supplements keep your skin supple?

Not everyone is a morning person, and not everyone can stay up past midnight. How hard-wired are our internal schedules? It’s long been suspected there was an evolutionary advantage to humans falling asleep and waking up at different times. Norman and Tegan unpack what are called chronotypes, and whether you can shift yours to better fit your lifestyle. References: Early bird trait might run in families - the Health Report Genetic Basis of Chronotype in Humans: Insights From Three Landmark GWAS A Length Polymorphism in the Circadian Clock Gene Per3 is Linked to Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome and Extreme Diurnal Preference Chronotype variation drives night-time sentinel-like behaviour in hunter–gatherers | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Mindful larks and lonely owls: The relationship between chronotype, mental health, sleep quality, and social support in young adults A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders How to Become a Morning Person - Sleep Foundation Resetting the late timing of ‘night owls’ has a positive impact on mental health and performance Chronotype changes with age; seven-year follow-up from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety cohort From early birds to night owls: a longitudinal study of actigraphy-assessed sleep trajectories during the transition from pre- to early adolescence The morality of larks and owls: unethical behavior depends on chronotype as well as time of day Check out our other sleep episodes! What is the perfect nap duration? Rapid-fire round: Answering your sleep questions Can you train yourself to sleep less? Is melatonin the answer to a good night's sleep?

In a video that went viral, Robert F. Kennedy Jr was seen on a plane dropping a cobalt blue liquid into his drink. People quickly started to assume it was methylene blue, a substance that in some corners is being heralded for apparent anti-ageing properties. Norman and Tegan look at the research that has been done so far … and some of the risks of dosing yourself with unproven medications. References: Efficacy and safety of methylene blue in the treatment of malaria: a systematic review Methylene blue as antidote for cyanide poisoning - JAMA Cellular and Molecular Actions of Methylene Blue in the Nervous System Methylene Blue: The Little-Known Disinfectant The Potentials of Methylene Blue as an Anti-Aging Drug - PMC Is methylene blue really a brain booster? A pharmacologist explains the science From Mitochondrial Function to Neuroprotection—an Emerging Role for Methylene Blue | Molecular Neurobiology Anti-Aging Potentials of Methylene Blue for Human Skin Longevity | Scientific Reports What to know about methylene blue - Harvard Health  Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of methylene blue trihydrate (Cas No. 7220-79-3) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice Chromoendoscopy with methylene blue and associated DNA damage in Barrett's oesophagus - The Lancet Generation of oxidant stress in cultured endothelial cells by methylene blue: protective effects of glucose and ascorbic acid - ScienceDirect The photodynamic and direct actions of methylene blue on mitochondrial energy metabolism: A balance of the useful and harmful effects of this photosensitizer If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! How worried should you be about microplastics? Is NAD+ a miracle anti-ageing supplement?

You might've been advertised lymphatic massage treatments promising to boost your energy and leave you looking snatched. The lymphatic system is great at clearing out gunk and checking our bodies for potential nasties like bacteria and viruses. Norman and Tegan discuss whether it's possible to have a 'sluggish' lymphatic system in need of help, without having a diagnosable condition. References:  Manual lymphatic drainage treatment for lymphedema: a systematic review of the literature Comparative Effects of Facial Roller and Gua Sha Massage on Facial Contour, Muscle Tone, and Skin Elasticity: Randomized Controlled Trial Comparison of the Immediate Effect of Petrissage Massage and Manual Lymph Drainage Following Exercise on Biomechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rectus Femoris Muscle in Women The Effects of Kinect-Enhanced Lymphatic Exercise Intervention on Lymphatic Pain, Swelling, and Lymph Fluid Level Exercise and the lymphatic system | MD Anderson Cancer Center  If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Can collagen supplements keep your skin supple? Which hair loss treatments actually work?

Some people might be naturally blessed with pearly whites, but many people aren’t happy with the shade of their teeth. There’s nothing inherently unhealthy about yellower teeth, and staining happens throughout our lives. Norman and Tegan unpack the long history of teeth whitening (with everything from urine to nitric acid) and discuss where there’s potential for harm. References:  From Gunpowder to Teeth Whitener: The Science Behind Historic Uses of Urine Shades of white: what you should know about teeth whitening - The University of Sydney White wine can stain teeth - Nature Do different bleaching protocols affect the enamel microhardness? - PMC  Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of conventional and whitening kinds of toothpaste on oral mucosa cells: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Accidental ingestion of 35% hydrogen peroxide - PMC If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! How risky is sharing a toothbrush? Why are people taping their mouths?

Coffee has been an important part of human cultures for centuries, and it has a long history of being both heralded and demonised. But the more we learn about coffee – even independent from caffeine – the more that comes to light about its potential benefits. Norman and Tegan drink in the evidence so far, which gets down to the nitty gritty of brewing techniques and milk additions.  References: Coffee - The Nutrition Source - Harvard School of Public Health Coffee consumption and risk of endometrial cancer: Findings from a large up-to-date meta-analysis Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-analysis Coffee consumption and risk of stroke in women Caffeine, Mental Health, and Psychiatric Disorders Association of Coffee Drinking With Mortality by Genetic Variation in Caffeine Metabolism: Findings From the UK Biobank Physical characteristics of the paper filter and low cafestol content filter coffee brews - ScienceDirect  Coffee consumption and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and total mortality: Does the brewing method matter? | European Journal of Preventive Cardiology Phenolic Acid–Amino Acid Adducts Exert Distinct Immunomodulatory Effects in Macrophages Compared to Parent Phenolic Acids | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry  The deep, rich and problematic history of coffee in Australia and worldwide - ABC News If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Am I addicted to caffeine? Can consuming dairy really give you acne? A single glass of red wine for your health, yeah or nah?

There tend to be more bugs around in winter making everyone snotty and uncomfortable. But does this mean that cold weather causes colds? Well no, viruses cause the common cold. But, as Norman and Tegan explain, winter does set the stage for those viruses to have more moments in the spotlight. References: Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza - PMC Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections - ScienceDirect  Immune system of cold-exposed and cold-adapted humans | European Journal of Applied Physiology Immune changes in humans during cold exposure: effects of prior heating and exercise Cold exposure impairs extracellular vesicle swarm–mediated nasal antiviral immunity - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  Airborne transmission efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters is not influenced by environmental conditions | npj Viruses If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Norman tried an ice bath so you don't have to Is NAD+ a miracle anti-ageing supplement?

Organic fruits and vegetables are one thing, but the label is popping up on packaged foods too. Are they healthier for us because they’re certified organic? How much harm are pesticides doing to our health? Norman and Tegan dig into organic farming to find out whether they’re worth the extra price.  References: Organic Certification Explained Pesticides | Food Standards Australia New Zealand  Pesticides impacts on human health and the environment with their mechanisms of action and possible countermeasures - ScienceDirect Global analysis shows how pesticides leach into the environment - The University of Sydney Ecological impacts and management strategies of pesticide pollution on aquatic life and human beings - ScienceDirect A Systematic Review of Organic Versus Conventional Food Consumption: Is There a Measurable Benefit on Human Health? Cellulose Surface Nanoengineering for Visualizing Food Safety Comparison of Different Home/Commercial Washing Strategies for Ten Typical Pesticide Residue Removal Effects in Kumquat, Spinach and Cucumber If you enjoyed this episode, check these out! Should we all be vegetarian? Can you adapt to allergies or does the dog have to go?

What is silence, anyway? Well if you’ve got tinnitus silence can feel like a distant dream. There are many causes of the ringing or buzzing that many people hear despite there being no external sound. Norman and Tegan discuss some of the treatments – current and in the works – that could one day bring some peace and quiet. References: Intrinsic network activity in tinnitus investigated using functional MRI Auditory Resting-State Network Connectivity in Tinnitus: A Functional MRI Study | PLOS One Targeting the Limbic System: Insights into Its Involvement in Tinnitus - PMC  Chronic tinnitus and the limbic system: Reappraising brain structural effects of distress and affective symptoms - PMC  Gray matter declines with age and hearing loss, but is partially maintained in tinnitus | Scientific Reports  Therapy and Treatment Options | American Tinnitus Association Effects of tinnitus retraining therapy on patients with tinnitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials | European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Effect of Tinnitus Retraining Therapy vs Standard of Care on Tinnitus-Related Quality of Life: A Randomized Clinical Trial | Otolaryngology  Neuromodulation for Treatment of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis - Wiley Online Library

If you're a keen gym-goer you might've heard conflicting advice about optimising your workout. Some people claim that doing both cardio (getting your heart pumping) and strength (getting those muscles pumping) on the same day might cancel out the benefits. Norman and Tegan unpack what concurrent training is, and what the evidence tells us about its effects. References A Brief Review on Concurrent Training: From Laboratory to the Field - PMC Concurrent Training: A Meta-Analysis Examining Interference of Aerobic and Resistance Exercises Compatibility of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training for Skeletal Muscle Size and Function: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | Sports Medicine Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Sex and Training Status | Sports Medicine Concurrent training in team sports: A systematic review Specific Training Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Exercises Depend on Recovery Duration Concurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise alone to improve health outcomes in paediatric obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis The Effects of 12 Weeks of Concurrent and Combined Training on Inflammatory Markers, Muscular Performance, and Body Composition in Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Males

Are you constantly getting scolded for pressing your cold feet against your partner in bed? Or told your hands are icy cold? It’s well known that some people run cold and others run hot. But why does this happen, and does it say anything about your health? Norman and Tegan unpack the physiology and get into some of the reasons we experience temperature differently. References: Individual differences in normal body temperature: longitudinal big data analysis of patient records | The BMJ Gender Matters! Thermal Comfort and Individual Perception of Indoor Environmental Quality: A Literature Review | SpringerLink Sex differences and aging: Is there a role of brown adipose tissue? - ScienceDirect Cool Temperature Alters Human Fat and Metabolism | National Institutes of Health (NIH)  A Review of Cultural Background and Thermal Perceptions in Urban Environments Outdoor thermal perception and adaptation of immigrants from cold climates to hot arid climate - ScienceDirect Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models - PMC

You might've heard a friend complaining about their latest break-out and swearing off dairy products as a result. Or that friend might be you. It’s a common complaint, but does it have any scientific merit? Norman and Tegan explore whether consuming dairy can cause acne, and if so, how a glass of milk might lead to pimples. References: The Influence of Genetics and Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Acne: A Twin Study of Acne in Women Patient Perceptions About Acne, Nutrition, and a Dietary Information Gap  Diet and acne: A systematic review Can the right diet get rid of acne? - American Academy of Dermatology Association  High school dietary dairy intake and teenage acne Effect of Chocolate on Acne Vulgaris - 1969 Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Assessing the Effect of Chocolate Consumption in Subjects with a History of Acne Vulgaris

You might’ve been told by parents, teachers, colleagues, friends of friends to stop cracking your knuckles because it will give you arthritis. There’s a surprising amount of science going on when you crack a joint, and it suggests there’s very little risk of harming your bones. But as Norman and Tegan explain, there is one major risk – you could irritate everybody around you. References: Mathematical Model for the Sounds Produced by Knuckle Cracking | Scientific Reports Does knuckle cracking lead to arthritis of the fingers? The Consequences of Habitual Knuckle Cracking Effect of habitual knuckle cracking on hand function There might not be anything wrong with your creaky joints - the Health Report Misophonia: When sounds really do make you "crazy" - Harvard Health

When weighing up the health risks of getting a tattoo, most people are concerned about the risk infection. But recently the ingredients in tattoo ink have come under the microscope, with some being identified as potential carcinogens. Norman and Tegan take a look at the many substances used to create permanent art, and whether they carry any real harm to humans. References: Why Tattoos Stay Put | UCSF Synapse What's in my ink: an analysis of commercial tattoo ink on the US market - PMC Much ‘tattoo’ about nothing; Tattoo pigment mimicking breast microcalcifications on mammography Tattoo ink exposure is associated with lymphoma and skin cancers – a Danish study of twins | BMC Public Health Melanoma Arising in Tattoos: A Case Series and Scoping Review of the Literature Does tattoo ink give you cancer? - Cancer Council Australia 2016 report from the Australian Government’s Department of Health, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme

The carnivore diet asks people to eat entirely animal-based, and the most extreme followers restrict themselves to only meat. Many carnivores claims they feel great — better than they ever have. They have more energy and lose weight. Norman and Tegan tuck into the reasons why carnivores feel better in the short-term, and the dangers they're inviting in the long-term.   References:  Behavioral Characteristics and Self-Reported Health Status among 2029 Adults Consuming a “Carnivore Diet” - Current Developments in Nutrition Limitations of Self-reported Health Status and Metabolic Markers among Adults Consuming a “Carnivore Diet” - Current Developments in Nutrition Assessing the Nutrient Composition of a Carnivore Diet: A Case Study Model Yellowish Nodules on a Man Consuming a Carnivore Diet | Lifestyle Behaviors | JAMA Cardiology

Hot flashes. Night sweats. Aching joints. Sore boobs. Welcome to your body in perimenopause! In episode one of this four-part series, Yumi Stynes speaks to women in the thick of perimenopause and battling physical symptoms.  She also sits down with Dr Susan Davis, endocrinologist and world-leading expert on sex hormones and ageing to learn the best treatments for bothersome symptoms and how look after yourself in this stage of life. No sweat! Essential listening if you're going through perimenopause right now, or for those wanting to know what's over the hormonal horizon.

Do you find yourself complaining that you've got a small bladder, as you run to the toilet for the third time in an hour? There are many reasons a person might pee more than others, including some scary medical conditions.  But as Norman and Tegan explain, in most cases your bladder is just deconditioned and you need to get your urinary tract into shape.  References: Bladder control: Lifestyle strategies ease problems A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a product containing pumpkin seed extract and soy germ extract to improve overactive bladder-related voiding dysfunction and quality of life Pumpkin Seed Oil Extracted From Cucurbita maxima Improves Urinary Disorder in Human Overactive Bladder Prosta Fink Forte capsules in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Multicentric surveillance study in 2245 patients

Microplastics are everywhere – they’re in the air, in the water and in our bodies. There’s plenty of evidence for that, but it’s still unclear what effects these microplastics are having on our health. Norman and Tegan unpack what we do and don’t know about these tiny specs of plastic, and what you might be able to do about them. References: Ingested microplastics: Do humans eat one credit card per week? A review of the endocrine disrupting effects of micro and nano plastic and their associated chemicals in mammals Association of mixed exposure to microplastics with sperm dysfunction: a multi-site study in China  First evidence of microplastics in human ovarian follicular fluid: An emerging threat to female fertility Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events | New England Journal of Medicine Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains | Nature Medicine Chewing Gum Releases Hundreds of Microplastics In Your Mouth, Study Finds

This week parts of Australia are preparing to wind back their clocks to mark the ending of daylight saving time. For a long time the country has been divided about the positives and the negatives of changing the clocks twice a year. Norman and Tegan look into the health effects of this shift – from the impact on sleep to medical procedures and road accidents. References: Basic concepts and unique features of human circadian rhythms: implications for human health | Nutrition Reviews | Oxford Academic Are Daylight Saving Time Changes Bad for the Brain? | Cerebrovascular Disease | JAMA Neurology Daylight Saving Time and Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis Daylight savings time transitions and risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: An interrupted time series analysis Embryo transfers performed during daylight savings time led to reduced live birth rates in older patients | Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention Does lowering evening rectal temperature to morning levels offset the diurnal variation in muscle force production?

If you're short-sighted or long-sighted, have astigmatism or double vision, you now live in a world where glasses can help you out. But there's a misconception hanging around that wearing spectacles weakens your eyes over time, and so some people avoid getting their vision checked. Norman and Tegan focus in on how glasses work and the long term impacts of wearing them. References: When time outside doesn't slow short-sightedness - the Health Report The history of spectacles - the College of Optometrists To Correct or Not Correct? Actual Evidence, Controversy and the Questions That Remain Open Undercorrection of myopia enhances rather than inhibits myopia progression Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children - Cochrane Review

We haven’t always suppressed our sweat or our natural body odour, but in many cultures now it’s expected we’ll all try to smell our best. You might be seeing more ads for ‘natural’ deodorants that promise to keep you fresh without any harmful ingredients. Norman and Tegan talk through those ingredients, and whether they carry any risks. References: The specific biochemistry of human axilla odour formation viewed in an evolutionary context Use of Aluminium in Antiperspirants - Australian Department of Health Antiperspirants/Deodorants and Breast Cancer - National Cancer Institute Antiperspirants - National Kidney Foundation How Advertisers Convinced Americans They Smelled Bad - Smithsonian Magazine

Protein is having its moment — walk any supermarket aisle and you'll find product after product boasting its protein content.  Do you need to be loading up on protein through powders or processed foods, or can you meet your goals with whole foods? Norman and Tegan unpack why protein is important and how much you need each day.  References: Protein - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Tips to boost protein in your diet from Dietitians Australia How much protein can the body use in a single meal for muscle-building? Implications for daily protein distribution Association between dietary protein intake and risk of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Long-time listeners would have heard Norman decrying fine particulate air pollution and its negative effects on health. But when it’s all around us – on our worksites, in our offices and on our motorways – how are you supposed to protect yourself? Norman and Tegan explain what fine particulate air pollution is, and what it does to the body once it’s breathed in. References: Estimates of global mortality burden associated with short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) The health effects of fine particulate air pollution Ambient (outdoor) air pollution - World Health Organization Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) - Australian Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water Air pollution is not ‘the new smoking’: comparing the disease burden of air pollution and smoking across the globe, 1990–2017 East Side Story: Historical Pollution and Persistent Neighborhood Sorting

Cramping muscles are common, whether they’re associated with exercise or not. Knowing what causes them can help people avoid them or treat them, but for many people it's not a simple story. Norman and Tegan talk through some of the theories behind this painful phenomenon, and why magnesium might not be the answer. References: Muscle cramps: A comparison of the two-leading hypothesis Influence of Hydration and Electrolyte Supplementation on Incidence and Time to Onset of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps - Cochrane Review A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study assessing the efficacy of magnesium oxide monohydrate in the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps Pickle Juice Intervention for Cirrhotic Cramps Reduction: The PICCLES Randomized Controlled Trial Australian Institute of Sport's sports supplement framework: pickle juice

Hair loss is common, but there are many different causes and potentially many different treatments. From topical ointments to light therapy, to scalp massage routines. What works to slow, or even reverse, hair loss? Norman and Tegan comb through the evidence for approved treatments and too-good-to-be-true snake oil. References:  Male pattern baldness - Healthdirect Male Androgenetic Alopecia with an overview of treatments - NIH Female pattern hair loss - Healthdirect What is minoxidil, the anti-balding hair growth treatment? Here's what the science says - ABC News Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy (LLLT) for Treatment of Hair Loss Autologous platelet-rich plasma therapy for pattern hair loss: A systematic review

What's That Rash? is returning to the World Science Festival Brisbane for another year.  Norman and Tegan will be answering the health questions everyone (at WSFB) is asking, 10am on March 30 at Queensland Museum Theatre.  Check out the event here and send in your questions to thatrash@abc.net.au

The use of mushrooms in medicine goes back centuries, but there’s still a lot to learn about the bioactive compounds in fungi. There are many claims surrounding 'functional mushrooms' – types of mushrooms thought to have medicinal properties beyond simple nutrition. These include lion’s mane, reishi, cordyceps, shiitake and turkey tail. Norman and Tegan forage through the evidence for using mushrooms against cancer, to boost the immune system and to amplify cognition. We're doing a live show! Catch What's That Rash? at the World Science Festival Brisbane on March 30th.  References: Aboriginal use of fungi Medicinal Mushroom Supplements in Cancer: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies Fungal beta-glucans as adjuvants for treating cancer patients – A systematic review of clinical trials A review of the effects of mushrooms on mood and neurocognitive health across the lifespan Mushrooms magnify memory by boosting nerve growth - University of Queensland

Depending on your corner of the internet, you might have seen people swearing by this new sleep hack, mouth taping. People claim they’re better rested, have better breath and stronger jawlines – all because they force themselves to breathe through their noses overnight. Norman and Tegan tackle this taping trend with an N=1 experiment, and a look at the relevant research. References: Mouth taping: a little less conversation, a little more action, please! Effect of mouth taping at night on asthma control--a randomised single-blind crossover study The Impact of Mouth-Taping in Mouth-Breathers with Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Preliminary Study The Role of the Nose in Sleep-disordered Breathing Acute nasal breathing lowers diastolic blood pressure and increases parasympathetic contributions to heart rate variability in young adults Nocturnal mouth-taping and social media: A scoping review of the evidence

Unfortunately many more people have heard about brain fog because of the pandemic and long COVID. But the symptom was first mentioned centuries ago, and has been associated with dozens of conditions. Norman and Tegan try to define brain fog, and explain why it can be difficult to treat. References: What is brain fog? - BMJ neuropsychiatry Subjective brain fog: a four-dimensional characterization in 25,796 participants Comprehensive Clinical Characterisation of Brain Fog in Adults Reporting Long COVID Symptoms Understanding the Experience and Impacts of Brain Fog in Chronic Pain: A Scoping Review Low-dose naltrexone use for the management of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 ‘Brain fag’: a syndrome associated with ‘overstudy’ and mental exhaustion in 19th century Britain

It can be hard to keep up with food fads and diet trends (and spoiler: you don’t need to). But an intriguing assumption that has gained traction recently is that seed oils – think canola, sunflower, grapeseed – are terrible for you. Norman and Tegan unpack how that assumption has spread, and whether there’s any solid evidence to back it up. References: Biomarkers of Dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality Serum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of death: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study Omega-6 fats to prevent and treat heart and circulatory diseases Polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, mental health, and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies Perspective on the health effects of unsaturated fatty acids and commonly consumed plant oils high in unsaturated fat If you’re worried about inflammation, stop stressing about seed oils and focus on the basics

January is an especially sweaty time in Australia, so maybe park this life change until the weather cools down… But is it necessary to bathe every day? As we learn more about the microbiome on our skin, more and more people are questioning their hygiene routine. Norman and Tegan sniff out the evidence for and against regular washing.  References: A natural history of hygiene The Cutaneous Microbiome and Aspects of Skin Antimicrobial Defense System Resist Acute Treatment with Topical Skin Cleansers The Role of Every-Day Cosmetics in Altering the Skin Microbiome: A Study Using Biodiversity How Often People in Various Countries Shower - The Atlantic What Happens When You Don’t Shower For Five Years - Science Friday

You might've heard of the blood type diet popularised in the 90s off the back of a best-selling book. It’s based on the theory that blood types emerged at different times in history, when our ancestors had very different diets. So does that mean certain foods are better for an A-, an AB+ or even an O-?As Norman and Tegan explain, it’s a complicated story. References: Blood type diets lack supporting evidence: a systematic review Blood Type Is Not Associated with Changes in Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Response to a Plant-Based Dietary Intervention Genetically Determined ABO Blood Group and its Associations With Health and Disease The Role of ABO Blood Type in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review

There are MANY books out there on habit formation. Are they all saying the same thing? Some habits are more complicated than others. Some habits require us to untangle one automatic set of behaviours and replace them with another. It can be a long process — much longer than the 21 days that's often promised.   Norman and Tegan tell us how to form a new habit, in far less than 300 pages, so you can get started.  References Neurobiology of habit formation How the brain controls our habits - MIT Bridging the gap between striatal plasticity and learning Basal ganglia and beyond: The interplay between motor and cognitive aspects in Parkinson’s disease rehabilitation You are what you repeatedly do: Links between personality and habit How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world How does habit form? Guidelines for tracking real-world habit formation The role of habit in compulsivity Goal-Directed and Habitual Control in Human Substance Use: State of the Art and Future Directions

'Tis the season to indulge.  As you sit down with family and friends, an age-old debate might arise: does drinking a single glass of red wine make you healthier? In this episode first published May 1, 2024, Norman and Tegan try to find out the answer once and for all.  References:  The French paradox: Lessons for other countries Moderate Wine Consumption and Health: A Narrative Review Health Effects of Red Wine Consumption: A Narrative Review of an Issue That Still Deserves Debate

You might have seen those robot-looking red light masks being sold for skincare purposes.  You might have thought — looks technological, but does it work? It's not just red light. There are a spectrum of health claims from infrared to ultraviolet. Norman and Tegan go through the rainbow to assess where there's evidence, and where there's not.  References: Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy: A Review of Recent Progress and Their Target Molecules for Cancer Therapy Effect of NASA Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation on Wound Healing Visible Red Light Emitting Diode Photobiomodulation for Skin Fibrosis: Key Molecular Pathways Utilization of light-emitting diodes for skin therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis Photodynamic Therapy Using HMME for Port-Wine Stains: Clinical Effectiveness and Sonographic Appearance Effect of Blue Light on Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review The efficacy of violet light in the treatment of acne Featured review: What are the benefits and risks of light therapy for treating atopic eczema? Light therapy for preventing seasonal affective disorder

Life can be exhausting, and while a nap might be in order, it’s rare you’ve got time to take one. Caffeine can come to the rescue, but you might not be a fan of tea of coffee. Energy drinks are an alternative, but are they any good for you? Norman and Tegan explain what modern energy drinks contain, and what the ingredients do. What's That Rash? is on YouTube! Subscribe to ABC Science to watch the podcast.  References: Prevalence and Amounts of Common Ingredients Found in Energy Drinks and Shots International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a systematic review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudes Energy Drinks and Their Adverse Health Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of a decaffeinated energy drink shows no significant acute effect on mental energy Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging This scientist treated her own cancer with viruses she grew in the lab

Many people live sedentary lives, sitting in an office all day then coming home to sit on the couch all night. What are the health harms of too much sitting? And do they compare to smoking as some headlines claim? Norman and Tegan settle in to explain the risks, and what you can do to avoid them. What's That Rash? is on YouTube! Subscribe to ABC Science to watch the podcast.  References: Evaluating the Evidence on Sitting, Smoking, and Health: Is Sitting Really the New Smoking? Trends in Self-Reported Sitting Time by Physical Activity Levels Among US Adults, NHANES 2007/2008–2017/2018 Recent Trends in Sedentary Time: A Systematic Literature Review Sedentary behaviour and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews Around 10,000 steps a day may counteract health risks of high sedentary time

We live in a world full of influencers pushing us products promising to keep us looking bouncy and youthful forever.  Collagen is a hugely important protein that does play a role in plumping up our skin — as well as supporting muscles, bones and connective tissues.  Norman and Tegan find out how effective collagen supplements are in skin care, and which kind you should look out for if you want to see results.   What's That Rash? is on YouTube! Subscribe to ABC Science to watch the podcast.  References: Decreased Collagen Production in Chronologically Aged Skin Effects of Oral Collagen for Skin Anti-Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis Oral Collagen Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Dermatological Applications The impact of collagen protein ingestion on musculoskeletal connective tissue remodeling: a narrative review

These days, our mobile phones are rarely far away. Whether it’s in your hand, your pocket, or under your pillow at night. Mobiles do emit radiation in order to connect to phone towers, which enables us to stay in contact with people and the internet. But is that radiation doing us harm? Norman and Tegan talk through the facts – what we do know, don’t know and suspect about our tech companions. What's That Rash? is coming to YouTube! Keep an eye out for the video version of this episode on ABC Science.  References: National Cancer Institute - Cell Phones and Cancer Risk Mobile phone use and incidence of brain tumour histological types, grading or anatomical location: a population-based ecological study Has the incidence of brain cancer risen in Australia since the introduction of mobile phones 29 years ago? 5G: the new generation of the mobile phone network and health

Why are people with arthritis being told to stop eating potatoes, tomatoes and egg plants? Vegetables in the nightshade family have been under scrutiny for decades, but the fad of cutting them out of our diets has seen a recent resurgence. Norman and Tegan investigate where all this shade comes from, and whether there's any evidence to support it. References: Deadly Nightshade: A Botanical Biography Flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins: are these plant-derived compounds an alternative to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? A literature review Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products α-Solanine attenuates chondrocyte pyroptosis to improve osteoarthritis via suppressing NF-κB pathway Antioxidants in Potatoes: A Functional View on One of the Major Food Crops Worldwide