Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for May 4, 2024 is: agrarian \uh-GRAIR-ee-un\ adjective Something described as agrarian has to do with farms and farming. // Joan hopes to leave city life behind and move to a more agrarian region where she plans to raise lambs and grow heirloom vegetables. [See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agrarian) Examples: "In an interview, [cultural studies researcher, Toni] Smith said fantasizing about agrarian life is nothing new. History presents cyclical 'back-to-the-land' movements, from America’s early West-settling pioneers to the homesteaders of the Great Depression." — Hannah Macready, Ambrook Research, 17 Aug. 2023 Did you know? Today, an [acre](https://www.britannica.com/science/acre-unit-of-measurement) is generally considered to be a unit of land measuring 43,560 square feet (4,047 square meters). Before that standard was set, it's believed that an acre represented a rougher measurement: the amount of land that could be plowed in one day with a [yoke](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/yoke) of oxen. Both [acre](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acre) and agrarian come from the Latin noun ager and the Greek noun agrós, meaning "piece of land; field." (You can probably guess that [agriculture](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agriculture) is another descendant.) Agrarian, first used in English in the 16th century, describes things pertaining to the cultivation of fields, as well as to the farmers who cultivate them.

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for May 3, 2024 is: melee \MAY-lay\ noun Melee refers to a confused fight or struggle, especially one involving hand-to-hand combat. // What started as a verbal disagreement at the football game soon turned into a general melee involving scores of spectators. [See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/melee) Examples: "The battle scenes are a Hollywood mishmash of medieval melees, meaningless [cannonades](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cannonade), and World War I-style infantry advances." — Franz-Stefan Gady, Foreign Policy, 2 Dec. 2023 Did you know? English has no shortage of words for confused and noisy fights, some ([fray](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fray), [brawl](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/brawl), [scrap](https://bit.ly/3J6dR3R)) more common than others ([donnybrook](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/donnybrook), [fracas](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fracas)). Melee tends to be encountered more often in written rather than spoken English, but it is far from obscure, and has seen increasing use especially in the context of video games featuring some form of hand-to-hand combat. Such games allow players to [mix it up](https://bit.ly/4cUqA7w) with all manner of rivals and [baddies](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/baddie) from the comfort and safety of their home, with mix being an especially apt word alongside melee: the latter comes from the French word mêlée, which in turn comes from the Old French verb mesler, meaning "to mix."

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for May 2, 2024 is: forfend \for-FEND\ verb Forfend is used in contexts relating to some kind of real or pretended danger or other unpleasantness. In humorous and ironic use, forfend typically appears in the phrase “heaven forfend,” and, like “heaven forbid,” expresses a usually ironic desire that something not happen or be done. In general use, if you forfend something unwanted or undesirable, you ward it off or prevent it; and if you forfend yourself from or against something, you protect or preserve yourself from it. // Heaven forfend that people actually pick up dictionaries and read them! // By studying your dictionary, you may forfend any risk of not knowing the meaning of a word. // To forfend against the prospect of being at a loss for words, we recommend you read the Word of the Day daily. [See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/forfend) Examples: “Cigarette companies financed armies of letter and op-ed writers, think tank reports, and ‘expert’ testimony promoting the return of DDT. … Big Tobacco fought for the return of DDT, [Elena] Conis argues, because the pesticide made for such ‘a helpful scientific parable, one that, told just right, illustrated the problem of government regulation of private industry gone wrong.’ It was private companies, and not politicians—or, heaven forfend, the people—who should decide what products should be produced, and how.” — Scott W. Stern, The New Republic, 31 May 2022 Did you know? Forfend is an unusual word in that its most commonly used sense is considered [archaic](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archaic), meaning it survives in English chiefly in specialized uses. When forfend was first used in the 14th century, it meant “to forbid.” It still does but only in phrases, like “heaven forfend” or “God forfend,” that have an exaggeratedly old-timey ring to them. (The use is also typically humorous and/or ironic.) Put another way, substituting forfend for [forbid](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/forbid) in any other context would sound strange, as in “students are forfended from using cell phones in the classroom.” Other senses of forfend, including “to protect or preserve” and “to ward off or prevent,” are current, though much less common. The fend part of the word comes from the same Latin source as [defend](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/defend).

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for May 1, 2024 is: cohesive \koh-HEE-siv\ adjective Something described as cohesive sticks together and forms something closely united. The word is usually used with abstract terms in phrases like "a cohesive social unit" or "a cohesive look/aesthetic." Cohesive can also be used to describe something, such as the design of a room or the plot of a movie, that is [coherent](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coherent)—in other words, logically or consistently ordered. // The couple chose their wedding colors and designs carefully to make sure everything had a cohesive look. // The customer service department is a small but cohesive team. [See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cohesive) Examples: "The collection showcases a harmonious blend of modern aesthetics and classic craftsmanship, allowing customers to create cohesive outdoor environments that enhance the beauty of their surroundings." — Business Insider, 16 Mar. 2024 Did you know? The Latin verb haerēre has shown remarkable [stick-to-itiveness](https://bit.ly/3VJTktg) in influencing the English lexicon, which is fitting for a word that means "to be closely attached; to stick." Among its descendants are [adhere](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adhere) (literally meaning "to stick"), adhere’s relative [adhesive](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adhesive) (a word for sticky substances), [inhere](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inhere) (meaning "to belong by nature or habit"), and even [hesitate](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hesitate) (which implies remaining stuck in place before taking action). In Latin, haerēre teamed up with the prefix co- to form cohaerēre, which means "to stick together." Cohaerēre is the ancestor of cohesive, a word borrowed into English in the early 18th century to describe something that sticks together literally (such as dough or mud) or figuratively (such as a society or sports team).

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for April 30, 2024 is: demagogue \DEM-uh-gahg\ noun A demagogue is a political leader who tries to get support by making use of popular prejudices, as well as by making false claims and promises and using arguments based on emotion rather than reason. // His opponent called him a bigoted demagogue for demonizing those who don't intend to vote for him. [See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/demagogue) Examples: “You need an internal guidance system for making decisions. Without one, your choices become heavily influenced by external forces such as peers, television, and demagogues.” — Tom Muha, The Capital (Annapolis, Maryland), 2 Oct. 2021 Did you know? When the ancient Greeks used dēmagōgós (from dêmos, meaning “people,” and -agōgos, “leading”) they meant someone good—a leader who used outstanding oratorical skills to further the interests of the common people. The first known use of demagogue in English comes from the introduction to [Thomas Hobbes’s](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Hobbes) 1629 translation of a text by the ancient Greek historian [Thucydides](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thucydides-Greek-historian): “It need not be doubted, but from such a master Thucydides was sufficiently qualified, to have become a great demagogue, and of great authority with the people.” Alas, the word quickly took a negative turn; within decades it was being used to refer to someone who uses powers of persuasion to sway and mislead.

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for April 29, 2024 is: inviolable \in-VYE-uh-luh-bul\ adjective Inviolable is a formal term that is used to describe something too important to be ignored or treated with disrespect. // She considers herself a person with inviolable moral standards. [See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inviolable) Examples: "Under international law, humans possess an inviolable right to freedom of thought. As part of this, governments have a duty to create an environment where people can think freely." — Simon McCarthy-Jones, The Conversation, 27 Sept. 2023 Did you know? Inviolable is a [venerable](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/venerable) word that has been with us since the 15th century. Its opposite, [violable](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/violable) ("capable of being or likely to be violated"), appeared in the following century. The 17th century English playwright Shackerley Marmion made good use of violable in A Fine Companion, writing, "Alas, my heart is Tender and violable with the least weapon Sorrow can dart at me." But English speakers have never warmed up to that word the way we have to inviolable, and it continues to be used much less frequently. Both terms descend from the Latin verb violare, which both shares the meaning with, and is an ancestor of, the English word violate.

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for April 28, 2024 is: ken \KEN\ noun Ken refers to someone’s range of perception, knowledge, or understanding, and is most often used in phrases like “beyond/outside/within one’s ken.” // The author advised the aspiring writers in the crowd to develop an authoritative voice by sticking to subjects within their ken. [See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ken) Examples: “… I’m still pretty much an amateur when it comes to gardening. Creating showy displays of florals along a pathway or verdant plots of perennials in shady backyard nooks—well, much of that is still beyond my ken. I don’t know my [spurges](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spurge) from my [woodruffs](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/woodruff).” — Larry Cornies, The London (Ontario) Free Press, 3 June 2023 Did you know? Need a word that can encompass all that one perceives, understands, or knows? It’s just ken. Of course, whether someone is a [president](https://www.merriam-webster.com/video/issa-rae-insecure-word-icons), writer, physicist, diplomat, journalist, or even a stereotypical [Barbie](https://bit.ly/4331LSi), everyone has their own personal ken. So when someone says something is “beyond” it, they’re not admitting to being a [gosling](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gosling), only that the topic or question at hand is beyond their particular range of knowledge or expertise. Ken appeared on the English horizon in the 16th century referring to the distance bounding the range of ordinary vision at sea (about 20 miles), and would thus have been familiar to [skippers](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/skipper) in particular. Its meaning soon broadened, however, to mean “range of vision” or “sight” on land or sea. Today ken rarely suggests literal sight, but rather the extent of what one can metaphorically “see.” And that, as they say, is enough.

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for April 27, 2024 is: assail \uh-SAIL\ verb Assail has a number of meanings relating to violent or powerful confrontations. It can be a straightforward synonym of [assault]( https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assault), as in "assailed by armed robbers," or it can mean "to oppose, challenge, or criticize harshly and forcefully," as in "citizens assailing the proposed changes." It can also mean "to trouble or afflict in a way that threatens to overwhelm," as in "assailed by fears." Assail can also apply to powerful perceptions: a smell that assails you, for example, is strongly noticeable and usually unpleasant. Occasionally, assail is used to mean "to encounter, undertake, or confront energetically," as in "with a deadline fast approaching, we assailed the project with renewed vigor." // Most worthwhile achievements require that one persevere even when assailed by doubts. [See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assail) Examples: "What does it even mean to be good in a world as complex as ours, when great inequity remains unaddressed and often seems too daunting to assail, and when seemingly benign choices—which shoes to buy, which fruit to eat—can come with the moral baggage of large carbon footprints or the undercompensated labor of migrant workers?" — Nancy Kaffer, The Detroit (Michigan) Free Press, 9 Jan. 2020 Did you know? If you're assailed by doubts about the word assail, allow us to set your mind at ease by providing some [surety](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/surety). Assail comes, by way of Anglo-French, from the Latin verb assilire ("to leap upon"), which in turn comes from the Latin verb salire, meaning "to leap." (Salire is the root of a number of English words related to jumping and leaping, such as [somersault](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/somersault) and [sally](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sally), as well as [assault](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assault), a synonym of assail.) When assail was first used in the 13th century, it meant "to make a violent physical attack upon." By the early 15th century, English speakers were using the term to mean "to attack with words or arguments." Now the verb can apply to any kind of aggressive encounter, even if it is not necessarily violent or quarrelsome, as in "Upon entering the room, we were assailed by a horrible odor."

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for April 26, 2024 is: homage \AH-mij\ noun An homage is something that is done to honor someone or something. It is often used with the word pay (as in “pay homage”) to mean “to respect or honor.” // Her latest book is an homage to her favorite city. // The paintings in the new art gallery pay homage to women artists of the past. [See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homage) Examples: “The series also pays homage to Detroit with its brutal winters, chicken spots and fur-draped residents. It’s a city grounded in Black culture, which is only now beginning to reemerge after years of negligence.” — Aramide Tinubu, Variety, 21 Mar. 2024 Did you know? In medieval times, a person could officially become a [vassal](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vassal) of a king or lord by publicly announcing allegiance to him in a formal ceremony. In that ritual, known as homage (from the Latin root homo-, meaning “man”), the subject (who was usually but not always a man) knelt and placed his hands between those of his lord, symbolically surrendering himself and putting himself at the lord’s disposal and under his jurisdiction. A bond was thus forged between the two; the vassal’s part was to revere and serve his lord, and the lord’s role was to protect and provide for the vassal and his family. The symbolism attached to the word proved irresistible, and homage quickly broadened to apply with the meaning “respect or honor” in a variety of contexts. Today, a singer can pay homage to someone who influenced their career, and a recipe can be an homage to a chef’s hometown.